GET https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/science/replacing-sugar-how-now

Response
200 OK
IP
3.12.161.239
Profiled on
Token
0eb21a

ArticleController :: show

Request

GET Parameters

None

POST Parameters

None

Uploaded Files

None

Request Attributes

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::show"
_firewall_context 
"security.firewall.map.context.main"
_links 
Symfony\Component\WebLink\GenericLinkProvider {#3588
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      -attributes: [
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    3706 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3706
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      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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    3705 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3705
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    3704 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3704
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    }
    3703 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3703
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      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3702 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3702
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      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3701 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3701
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      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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    }
    3700 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3700
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      -rel: [
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      ]
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      ]
    }
    3699 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3699
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3698 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3698
      -href: "/build/term-condition-css.css"
      -rel: [
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      -attributes: [
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    }
    3697 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3697
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      -rel: [
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      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3696 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3696
      -href: "/build/comment-css.css"
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      -attributes: [
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      ]
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}
_route 
"article_show"
_route_params 
[
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  "slug" => "replacing-sugar-how-now"
]
_security_firewall_run 
"_security_main"
_stopwatch_token 
"e6cc88"
category 
"science"
slug 
"replacing-sugar-how-now"

Request Headers

Header Value
accept 
"*/*"
accept-encoding 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
connection 
"close"
cookie 
"PHPSESSID=s3qkoeatc1cq0qlq5ba2umomh0"
host 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
user-agent 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
x-php-ob-level 
"1"

Request Content

Request content not available (it was retrieved as a resource).

Response

Response Headers

Header Value
cache-control 
"no-cache, private"
content-type 
"text/html; charset=UTF-8"
date 
"Sat, 22 Feb 2025 08:52:17 GMT"
link 
"</build/runtime.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/644.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/502.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/view-more.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/term-condition.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/contact.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/scroll-infinite-article.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/cookie-style.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/term-condition-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/contact-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/comment-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style""
x-debug-token 
"0eb21a"

Cookies

Request Cookies

Key Value
PHPSESSID 
"s3qkoeatc1cq0qlq5ba2umomh0"

Response Cookies

No response cookies

Session 6

Session Metadata

Key Value
Created 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 08:52:15 +0000"
Last used 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 08:52:15 +0000"
Lifetime 
0

Session Attributes

Attribute Value
_csrf/https-comment 
"IKp4VhfQovhmtDYly6lpHJOWprEWJii1p7NDOYTasQU"
_csrf/https-cookie_accept 
"Uhl871DZamIdbpR2x8r0mcAq6JdCLWtEH-D_Co5S2Fs"

Session Usage

6 Usages
Stateless check enabled
Usage
Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:76
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:79
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:52
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:56
Show trace 
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    "type" => "->"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/Kernel.php"
    "line" => 197
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/runtime/Runner/Symfony/HttpKernelRunner.php"
    "line" => 35
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Kernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    "line" => 29
    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
  ]
]
Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage:41
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-core/Authentication/Token/Storage/UsageTrackingTokenStorage.php"
    "line" => 41
    "function" => "getMetadataBag"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/twig-bridge/AppVariable.php"
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    "function" => "getToken"
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    "function" => "twig_get_attribute"
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    "function" => "displayWithErrorHandling"
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    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Twig\Template"
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    "line" => 280
    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Twig\TemplateWrapper"
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  [
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    "function" => "render"
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    "line" => 453
    "function" => "doRenderView"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
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    "line" => 253
    "function" => "doRender"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/src/Controller/AppController.php"
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    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
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    "line" => 181
    "function" => "renderHeader"
    "class" => "App\Controller\AppController"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
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  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpCache/SubRequestHandler.php"
    "line" => 86
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/Fragment/InlineFragmentRenderer.php"
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    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpCache\SubRequestHandler"
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    "function" => "render"
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  [
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    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\DependencyInjection\LazyLoadingFragmentHandler"
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  [
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    "function" => "displayWithErrorHandling"
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  [
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    "function" => "display"
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    "line" => 394
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    "class" => "__TwigTemplate_3ce0324a396de697d1fad9fabd68df72"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/Template.php"
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    "function" => "displayWithErrorHandling"
    "class" => "Twig\Template"
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  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/Template.php"
    "line" => 379
    "function" => "display"
    "class" => "Twig\Template"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/TemplateWrapper.php"
    "line" => 38
    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Twig\Template"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/Environment.php"
    "line" => 280
    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Twig\TemplateWrapper"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/framework-bundle/Controller/AbstractController.php"
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    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Twig\Environment"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/framework-bundle/Controller/AbstractController.php"
    "line" => 453
    "function" => "doRenderView"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/framework-bundle/Controller/AbstractController.php"
    "line" => 253
    "function" => "doRender"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/src/Controller/ArticleController.php"
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    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 181
    "function" => "show"
    "class" => "App\Controller\ArticleController"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/Kernel.php"
    "line" => 197
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/runtime/Runner/Symfony/HttpKernelRunner.php"
    "line" => 35
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Kernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    "line" => 29
    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
  ]
]
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener:171
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-http/Firewall/ContextListener.php"
    "line" => 171
    "function" => "remove"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/Debug/WrappedListener.php"
    "line" => 116
    "function" => "onKernelResponse"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 220
    "function" => "__invoke"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\WrappedListener"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 56
    "function" => "callListeners"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/Debug/TraceableEventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 139
    "function" => "dispatch"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 214
    "function" => "dispatch"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\TraceableEventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 202
    "function" => "filterResponse"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/Kernel.php"
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    "line" => 35
    "function" => "handle"
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    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
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    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
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      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
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    "function" => "require_once"
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]

Flashes

Flashes

No flash messages were created.

Server Parameters

Server Parameters

Defined in .env

Key Value
APP_ENV 
"dev"
APP_SECRET 
"0a988e63f011514eaabfc650b599af4d"
CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN 
"*"
DATABASE_URL 
"mysql://bbndb_rctuser:33F5W25z40or0f7@localhost:3306/rct_bbntimes"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAANxzTG8ZMfIjil1wu-1vrQvnUt-x"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAAENKcn73MJAhQrbtQeqgyC4wDLMP"
MAILER_DSN 
"smtp://no-reply%40rct.dev.bbntimes.com:Bl6%26gLD48%26Of919@rct.dev.bbntimes.com:465"
MARIADB_PASSWORD 
"i!87pK&!85ezc8"

Defined as regular env variables

Key Value
APP_DEBUG 
"1"
BASE 
"/public"
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
CONTEXT_PREFIX 
""
DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
FCGI_ROLE 
"RESPONDER"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE 
"CGI/1.1"
HTTPS 
"on"
HTTP_ACCEPT 
"*/*"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_CONNECTION 
"close"
HTTP_COOKIE 
"PHPSESSID=s3qkoeatc1cq0qlq5ba2umomh0"
HTTP_HOST 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PATH 
"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
PHP_SELF 
"/public/index.php"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_CGI_INDEX 
"plesk-php81-fastcgi"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_INI 
"/var/www/vhosts/system/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/etc/php.ini"
QUERY_STRING 
""
REDIRECT_BASE 
"/public"
REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/science/replacing-sugar-how-now"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/science/replacing-sugar-how-now"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7mQQLiBoyj8JZ8-HGx0BAAAAAg"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/science/replacing-sugar-how-now"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/science/replacing-sugar-how-now"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7mQQLiBoyj8JZ8-HGx0BAAAAAg"
REDIRECT_URL 
"/public/science/replacing-sugar-how-now"
REMOTE_ADDR 
"3.12.161.239"
REMOTE_PORT 
"63823"
REQUEST_METHOD 
"GET"
REQUEST_SCHEME 
"https"
REQUEST_TIME 
1740214336
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT 
1740214336.6583
REQUEST_URI 
"/science/replacing-sugar-how-now"
SCRIPT_FILENAME 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_NAME 
"/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/science/replacing-sugar-how-now"
SCRIPT_URL 
"/science/replacing-sugar-how-now"
SERVER_ADDR 
"5.196.1.209"
SERVER_ADMIN 
"[no address given]"
SERVER_NAME 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SERVER_PORT 
"443"
SERVER_PROTOCOL 
"HTTP/1.1"
SERVER_SIGNATURE 
"<address>Apache Server at rct.dev.bbntimes.com Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE 
"Apache"
SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SYMFONY_DOTENV_VARS 
"APP_ENV,APP_SECRET,DATABASE_URL,MARIADB_PASSWORD,CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN,MAILER_DSN,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY"
UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7mQQLiBoyj8JZ8-HGx0BAAAAAg"

Sub Requests 6

CookieController :: renderAnalysis (token = 11afaa)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderAnalysis"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"3c50f7"

AppController :: renderHeader (token = 179ee9)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderHeader"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"edb3db"
slug 
"home"

ArticleController :: trendingArticle (token = d9649d)

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ArticleController :: relatedArticles (token = 3d5f44)

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App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 12458
  -title: "Replacing Sugar: How, Now?"
  -slug: "replacing-sugar-how-now"
  -introtext: "<p>The liabilities of excess sugar in the prevailing modern diet are by now common knowledge.&nbsp;</p>\r\n"
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p>With rare exception, debate on the matter is limited to whether sugar is<em>&nbsp;a</em>, or&nbsp;<em>the</em>, delivery vehicle for the grave toll of modern eating.&nbsp;</p>\r\n
    <p>For what it’s worth, I am emphatically in the former camp, having asserted to anyone who would listen across an expanse of decades that&nbsp;<a href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/obesity-epidemic_b_2697961" target="_blank" rel="noopener">no one thing</a>&nbsp;is wrong with the modern diet, and no single nutrient fixation will remedy it.&nbsp;Rather the contrary, sequential preoccupation with any given nutrient scapegoat or savior while neglecting the quality of overall diet has taken us&nbsp;<a href="https://www.huffpost.com/entry/nutrition-advice_b_1874255" target="_blank" rel="noopener">from one dietary boondoggle to the next</a>.&nbsp;There is more than one way to eat badly; we seem committed to exploring them all.&nbsp;</p>\r\n
    <p>For&nbsp;<a href="https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev-publhealth-032013-182351" target="_blank" rel="noopener">human health</a>, we need a balanced assembly of wholesome foods- not just the avoidance of something toxic in excess.&nbsp;From the perspective of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.pnas.org/doi/10.1073/pnas.1906908116" target="_blank" rel="noopener">planetary health</a>, the case against animal foods in general and beef in particular is most salient.&nbsp;Ultra-processed foods have been implicated in&nbsp;<a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31105044/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">weight gain</a>, and in an array of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.bmj.com/content/378/bmj-2021-068921" target="_blank" rel="noopener">other ills</a>&nbsp;burgeoning with percussive regularity in the scientific literature.&nbsp;Our food- or the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2013/02/24/magazine/the-extraordinary-science-of-junk-food.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">willfully addictive junk</a>&nbsp;that all too often masquerades as food-&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/26/opinion/food-nutrition-health-care.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">is, indeed, killing too many of us</a>, and a comprehensive overhaul of&nbsp;<a href="https://www.dietid.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">diet quality</a>&nbsp;is in order.</p>\r\n
    <p>In such a context, there is a valid case for particular attention to sugar.&nbsp;In diets made up of far too many empty calories, sugar is a singular source.&nbsp;In a population epidemically prone to obesity, insulin resistance, type 2 diabetes, and excess inflammation- sugar is implicated in all of those crimes against the human condition.&nbsp;And, with singular efficacy, sugar propagates its own excessive intake by stimulating the human appetite center as nothing else does.&nbsp;The food industry knows this and exploits it quite profitably.&nbsp;We know it, too, veil it as we may in the coy guise of ‘sweet tooth.’&nbsp;Feed one of those, and it grows into all the menace of a fang.</p>\r\n
    <p>So, the case for displacing sugar from our diets is clear.&nbsp;For those habituated to a particular level of sweetness, such displacement without dissatisfaction has generally meant replacement, and that in turn has meant sugar substitutes, alternatively known as non-nutritive sweeteners (NNS), artificial sweeteners (AS), no-calorie sweeteners, and so on.&nbsp;Enter a new study in the prestigious journal,&nbsp;<em><a href="https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(22)00919-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Cell</a></em>, that implicates such NNS in many of the same and most serious transgressions as those of sugar itself.&nbsp;What now, are we to do?</p>\r\n
    <p>I will answer that, but first some particulars of the new study, which I found to be unusually compelling.&nbsp;With an elegant, rigorous, multicomponent approach (reminiscent of a Yale doctoral dissertation I evaluated many years ago, and that earned its author High Honors), the research team in question demonstrated both the what, and the how, of NNS harms.&nbsp;First, using the standard randomized trial design, they demonstrated that NNS- notably sucralose and saccharin- impaired glycemic responses in healthy adults without prior intake of these compounds.&nbsp;As impairment of glucose/insulin metabolism is among the particular concerns attached to sugar, discerning this effect with common replacements raises the obvious issue of swapping a pot for a kettle.</p>\r\n
    <p>The researchers further demonstrated that the four NNS studied- the two above, along with aspartame and stevia- all induced changes in the microbiome.&nbsp;Finally, they transplanted the microbiomes of affected humans into germ-free mice (mice bred and raised to be free of all bacterial exposure, and lack a microbiome)- and reproduced the same metabolic effects in the mice, indicating that disruption of the microbiome is the causal pathway to impairments in glucose and insulin metabolism.</p>\r\n
    <p>The bottom line here is that NNS do at least some of the harms they are expressly intended to mitigate.&nbsp;As indictments go, that’s pretty harsh.</p>\r\n
    <p>To be clear, though, this was a short-term study and the longer-term effects are only inferable, not known.&nbsp;Participants were chosen to be free of prior exposure to NNS, which is exception rather than norm in modern societies, and might skew the results one way or another.&nbsp;Individual responses to NNS varied, and responses to different NNS varied as well, with less overt harm seen with stevia and aspartame than with saccharin and sucralose.&nbsp;And finally, the detrimental effects of NNS observed here were not compared quantitatively to those of various sugars, and thus a net benefit is by no means precluded.&nbsp;When one’s only options are frying pan or fire, the frying pan has relative virtues.</p>\r\n
    <p>But those are not the only options.&nbsp;I&nbsp;<a href="https://health.usnews.com/health-news/blogs/eat-run/2013/08/05/whats-wrong-with-artificial-sweeteners" target="_blank" rel="noopener">had qualms about NNS</a>&nbsp;before there was worrying research on the topic, and there has been&nbsp;<a href="https://www.npr.org/2013/07/12/201461166/not-so-sweet-side-effects-of-artificial-sweeteners" target="_blank" rel="noopener">worrying research long before now</a>.&nbsp;My concerns were, and are, rooted in sense- to which science is always playing catch-up.</p>\r\n
    <p>First, it made sense that if the sweetness of sugar stimulated appetite, and a desire for ever more sweetness in the diet, that&nbsp;<a href="https://academic.oup.com/advances/advance-article/doi/10.1093/advances/nmac090/6679280" target="_blank" rel="noopener">comparable sweetness imparted by other compounds</a>&nbsp;might confer similar effects.&nbsp;The perception of sweetness is a particular chemosensory response in the brain, via taste buds, no matter the agent.&nbsp;It stands to reason that effects might be shared among compounds that share in producing this stimulus.</p>\r\n
    <p>Second, NNS are by definition non- nutritive, and not a normal component of human food.&nbsp;The introduction of non-food chemicals, whether from tree leaf or test tube, into the realm of human comestibles invites a nod at the law of unintended consequences. &nbsp;As we learn ever more about the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-018-29376-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">delicate balance of the microbiome and its vulnerability to disturbance</a>&nbsp;by means of diverse dietary exposures- all the more so.</p>\r\n
    <p>Which brings us back to: what now?&nbsp;My favored approach- personally, and across a 30-year expanse of patient care- is attention to&nbsp;<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/sugar-my-position-david-l-katz-md-mph-facpm-facp-faclm/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">stealth sugar</a>, and&nbsp;<em><a href="https://news.yahoo.com/case-taste-bud-rehab-151943639.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">taste bud rehab</a></em>.&nbsp;Stealth sugar is sugar processed into diverse foods not appreciably sweet, from salad dressings to salty snacks, nut butters to pasta sauces.&nbsp;This list is all but endless, and the aggregate grams of sugar it can add to one’s daily diet is impressive.&nbsp;Fortunately, there are alternative products in all such categories without the added sugar- recognizable to all with a bit of&nbsp;<a href="https://yalegriffinprc.griffinhealth.org/programs-resources/prc-programs-resources/nutrition-detectives" target="_blank" rel="noopener">food label literacy</a>.&nbsp;By making such substitutions, innumerable grams of sugar may be backed out of the daily diet before ever adjusting the foods where sweetness matters most.&nbsp;</p>\r\n
    <p>Just as higher intake of sugar begets a higher threshold for satisfaction, so does a lower intake reduce that threshold.&nbsp;This is very analogous to any other habit-forming substance; the more you get, the more you need, and to some extent, vice versa.&nbsp;By dialing down exposure to sugar, sensitivity to sweetness is dialed up in tandem.&nbsp;Food and drink that was pleasantly sweet before starts to be too much so- and that is an invitation to make further adjustments there.&nbsp;Soda can transition to seltzer; desserts and breakfast items can be half as sweet and just as good.&nbsp;It’s a process made in steps, each supporting the next.</p>\r\n
    <p>The net effect is what I have long called “taste bud rehab.”&nbsp;<a href="https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/whats-delicious-nipping-misperceptions-bud-david-l-katz-md-mph/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Delicious is whatever we decide it is</a>, and that decision is much predicated on the familiar.&nbsp;Bathe your taste buds in copious sugar all day, they expect it, want it, need it.&nbsp;Disabuse them of this, however, and a far greater native sensitivity to sugar reawakens.&nbsp;You need less; you want less.&nbsp;Taste bud rehab is not about trading off pleasure for health; it’s about investing just a bit of time and effort in a process that lets you love, and prefer, the very foods&nbsp;<a href="https://cuisinicity.com/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">that love you and your health back</a>.</p>\r\n
    <p>&nbsp;None of this- not&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(22)00919-9" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the new study</a>, not my take- precludes selective use of NNS in an effort to reduce sugar intake, particular during a transition period.&nbsp;Perfect should never be made the enemy of good.</p>\r\n
    <p>&nbsp;However, real&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/01/28/magazine/28nutritionism.t.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">food, mostly plants</a>&nbsp;is the foundation of any good diet, and it is&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nytimes.com/2019/08/26/opinion/food-nutrition-health-care.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">overall diet quality</a>&nbsp;that most reliably predicts the health outcomes that matter most to us all.&nbsp;In a diet of actual, wholesome foods- there is little to no place for non-nutritive chemical compounds of whatever origin.&nbsp;</p>\r\n
    <p>&nbsp;At best, the new study issues a precaution about undue reliance on NNS.&nbsp;Fortunately, the important task of reducing sugar to&nbsp;<a href="https://cuisinicity.com/put-sugar-in-its-place-2/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the minimal place it should claim</a>&nbsp;in your overall diet can be achieved with or without them.&nbsp;Displacing sugar does not depend on replacing it.</p>
    """
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CookieController :: renderCookie (token = fd31d0)

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