GET https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/financial/powell-s-real-choice-his-reputation-or-esteem-part-2

Response
200 OK
IP
18.216.95.250
Profiled on
Token
114562

ArticleController :: show

Request

GET Parameters

None

POST Parameters

None

Uploaded Files

None

Request Attributes

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::show"
_firewall_context 
"security.firewall.map.context.main"
_links 
Symfony\Component\WebLink\GenericLinkProvider {#3587
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      ]
    }
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      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3700 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3700
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
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      -attributes: [
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    3698 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3698
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      ]
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    3697 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3697
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    3696 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3696
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    3695 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3695
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"article_show"
_route_params 
[
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]
_security_firewall_run 
"_security_main"
_stopwatch_token 
"43dcef"
category 
"financial"
slug 
"powell-s-real-choice-his-reputation-or-esteem-part-2"

Request Headers

Header Value
accept 
"*/*"
accept-encoding 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
connection 
"close"
cookie 
"PHPSESSID=0askl59bcignl579rsvai896k4"
host 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
user-agent 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
x-php-ob-level 
"1"

Request Content

Request content not available (it was retrieved as a resource).

Response

Response Headers

Header Value
cache-control 
"no-cache, private"
content-type 
"text/html; charset=UTF-8"
date 
"Wed, 16 Apr 2025 01:05:25 GMT"
link 
"</build/runtime.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/644.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/502.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/view-more.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/term-condition.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/contact.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/scroll-infinite-article.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/cookie-style.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/term-condition-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/contact-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/comment-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style""
x-debug-token 
"114562"

Cookies

Request Cookies

Key Value
PHPSESSID 
"0askl59bcignl579rsvai896k4"

Response Cookies

No response cookies

Session 6

Session Metadata

Key Value
Created 
"Wed, 16 Apr 25 01:04:47 +0000"
Last used 
"Wed, 16 Apr 25 01:05:24 +0000"
Lifetime 
0

Session Attributes

Attribute Value
_csrf/https-comment 
"HPyRaHR1odPLQmlY0GkZj9Xx2TfcrnivApAxi6uTbFs"
_csrf/https-cookie_accept 
"OmKzh3JFPIskOxk7CmgkKRFcZFR312OLE5nFrwnM6cI"

Session Usage

6 Usages
Stateless check enabled
Usage
Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:76
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:79
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:52
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:56
Show trace 
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    "function" => "show"
    "class" => "App\Controller\ArticleController"
    "type" => "->"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
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    "line" => 197
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
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    "line" => 35
    "function" => "handle"
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    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    "line" => 29
    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
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    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
  ]
]
Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage:41
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-core/Authentication/Token/Storage/UsageTrackingTokenStorage.php"
    "line" => 41
    "function" => "getMetadataBag"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/twig-bridge/AppVariable.php"
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    "function" => "getToken"
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    "function" => "handle"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/TemplateWrapper.php"
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    "class" => "Twig\Template"
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    "function" => "render"
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    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Twig\Environment"
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    "line" => 453
    "function" => "doRenderView"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/framework-bundle/Controller/AbstractController.php"
    "line" => 253
    "function" => "doRender"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/src/Controller/ArticleController.php"
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    "function" => "render"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 181
    "function" => "show"
    "class" => "App\Controller\ArticleController"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
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    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/Kernel.php"
    "line" => 197
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/runtime/Runner/Symfony/HttpKernelRunner.php"
    "line" => 35
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Kernel"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    "line" => 29
    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
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]
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener:171
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-http/Firewall/ContextListener.php"
    "line" => 171
    "function" => "remove"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/Debug/WrappedListener.php"
    "line" => 116
    "function" => "onKernelResponse"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 220
    "function" => "__invoke"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\WrappedListener"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 56
    "function" => "callListeners"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/Debug/TraceableEventDispatcher.php"
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    "function" => "dispatch"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
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    "function" => "dispatch"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\TraceableEventDispatcher"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 202
    "function" => "filterResponse"
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    "function" => "handleRaw"
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    "function" => "handle"
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    "function" => "require_once"
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]

Flashes

Flashes

No flash messages were created.

Server Parameters

Server Parameters

Defined in .env

Key Value
APP_ENV 
"dev"
APP_SECRET 
"0a988e63f011514eaabfc650b599af4d"
CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN 
"*"
DATABASE_URL 
"mysql://bbndb_rctuser:33F5W25z40or0f7@localhost:3306/rct_bbntimes"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAANxzTG8ZMfIjil1wu-1vrQvnUt-x"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAAENKcn73MJAhQrbtQeqgyC4wDLMP"
MAILER_DSN 
"smtp://no-reply%40rct.dev.bbntimes.com:Bl6%26gLD48%26Of919@rct.dev.bbntimes.com:465"
MARIADB_PASSWORD 
"i!87pK&!85ezc8"

Defined as regular env variables

Key Value
APP_DEBUG 
"1"
BASE 
"/public"
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
CONTEXT_PREFIX 
""
DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
FCGI_ROLE 
"RESPONDER"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE 
"CGI/1.1"
HTTPS 
"on"
HTTP_ACCEPT 
"*/*"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_CONNECTION 
"close"
HTTP_COOKIE 
"PHPSESSID=0askl59bcignl579rsvai896k4"
HTTP_HOST 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PATH 
"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
PHP_SELF 
"/public/index.php"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_CGI_INDEX 
"plesk-php81-fastcgi"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_INI 
"/var/www/vhosts/system/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/etc/php.ini"
QUERY_STRING 
""
REDIRECT_BASE 
"/public"
REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/financial/powell-s-real-choice-his-reputation-or-esteem-part-2"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/financial/powell-s-real-choice-his-reputation-or-esteem-part-2"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z_8CVXvbirLQs6R-Q6S5BAAAAQU"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/financial/powell-s-real-choice-his-reputation-or-esteem-part-2"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/financial/powell-s-real-choice-his-reputation-or-esteem-part-2"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z_8CVXvbirLQs6R-Q6S5BAAAAQU"
REDIRECT_URL 
"/public/financial/powell-s-real-choice-his-reputation-or-esteem-part-2"
REMOTE_ADDR 
"18.216.95.250"
REMOTE_PORT 
"45520"
REQUEST_METHOD 
"GET"
REQUEST_SCHEME 
"https"
REQUEST_TIME 
1744765525
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT 
1744765525.0999
REQUEST_URI 
"/financial/powell-s-real-choice-his-reputation-or-esteem-part-2"
SCRIPT_FILENAME 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_NAME 
"/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/financial/powell-s-real-choice-his-reputation-or-esteem-part-2"
SCRIPT_URL 
"/financial/powell-s-real-choice-his-reputation-or-esteem-part-2"
SERVER_ADDR 
"5.196.1.209"
SERVER_ADMIN 
"[no address given]"
SERVER_NAME 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SERVER_PORT 
"443"
SERVER_PROTOCOL 
"HTTP/1.1"
SERVER_SIGNATURE 
"<address>Apache Server at rct.dev.bbntimes.com Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE 
"Apache"
SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SYMFONY_DOTENV_VARS 
"APP_ENV,APP_SECRET,DATABASE_URL,MARIADB_PASSWORD,CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN,MAILER_DSN,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY"
UNIQUE_ID 
"Z_8CVXvbirLQs6R-Q6S5BAAAAQU"

Sub Requests 6

CookieController :: renderAnalysis (token = 27cc9a)

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AppController :: renderHeader (token = ed53f5)

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"App\Controller\AppController::renderHeader"
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ArticleController :: trendingArticle (token = 940292)

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"App\Controller\ArticleController::trendingArticle"
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ArticleController :: relatedArticles (token = ea5ade)

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current_article 
App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 3503
  -title: "Powell’s Real Choice: His Reputation Or Esteem—Part 2"
  -slug: "powell-s-real-choice-his-reputation-or-esteem-part-2"
  -introtext: "<p class="p1"><span class="s1"><i>The following is Part 2 in a series discussing my belief that fiat currency regimes with central banks ultimately result in increasing amounts of leverage.&nbsp;</i><a href="https://integratinginvestor.com/powells-real-choice-his-reputation-or-esteem-part-1/"><span class="s2"><i>Part 1 can be found here</i></span></a><i>.</i></span></p>\r\n"
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">I have to admit, I was about to “pull the pin” on writing this second part of my series on central banking and monetary policy. I was a bit over my skis on the topic. I couldn’t quite put my finger on how and why central banks elevate leverage levels in an economy despite it being a common feature of most fiat currency regimes. Then, I had a&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minsky_moment"><span class="s3">Minsky moment</span></a>. No, I didn’t experience a sudden, major collapse. Rather, Minsky’s work was the missing link to my hypothesis. Central banks don’t create money.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">My introduction to&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hyman_Minsky"><span class="s3">Hyman Minsky’s</span></a>&nbsp;view on money and banking came via a&nbsp;<a href="http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/wp86.pdf"><span class="s3">1993 paper by L. Randall Wray</span></a>, one of his disciples. While I don’t agree with all of Minsky’s views—and vehemently oppose many associated with Dr. Wray’s Modern Monetary Theory (MMT)—they make some truly insightful observations about the nature of money and role banks play in a modern economy. Keep in mind that I’m a huge fan of the Austrian greats, so I don’t say that lightly!</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">Incorporating some of the key concepts discussed in Dr. Wray’s paper into my other views helped clarify this confusing topic and better showed how central banking can lead to increased leverage. My goal is to illustrate how a severing of the cost of liquidity from true economic activity combined with the presence of a lender of last resort creates conditions where solving problems of leverage with more leverage becomes a perceived path of least resistance. “If all you have is a hammer, everything looks like a nail.”</span></p>\r\n
    <h2 class="p3"><span class="s1">Dr. Wray’s Key Characterizations</span></h2>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">Before starting, please note two items. First—and I can’t stress this enough—<b>I think MMT is seriously flawed and is a dangerous theory</b>&nbsp;for reasons outside the scope of this article. This does not, however, invalidate the following observations. Second, I do not intend to prove any of Dr. Wray’s characterizations that I highlight. For that, read the&nbsp;<a href="http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/wp86.pdf"><span class="s3">referenced paper</span></a>.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">Shall we begin?</span></p>\r\n
    <h2 class="p3"><span class="s1">Money Is A Unit Of Account</span></h2>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">The most foundational concept that Dr. Wray introduces is the reconceptualization of money altogether from being a “thing” (i.e. dollars, yen, gold, etc.) to being a standard unit of account (like a minute, meter, or ounce). Transactions, he contends, are credit-based and money is how we account for them. If I buy your bread, I owe you money; I am indebted to you for the value of the bread. The money owed to you is a way of accounting for this debt. How do we settle it? I deliver a physical form of acceptable money to you (dollars, yen, gold, barley, bitcoin, etc.) that extinguishes my obligation. Thus, money is not a store of value or medium of exchange. It is only a common unit of account.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">This characterization of money as a credit-based unit of account first struck me as odd. However, it quickly made sense when using Henry Hazlitt’s clarification of credit. Credit represents not a debt obligation, but rather actual or potential productiveness. Thus, the exchange of money is really the exchange of credits and physical money (i.e. currency) serves as proof.<br /><br /></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p4"><span class="s4 quote-left"><i>There is a strange idea abroad, held by all monetary cranks, that credit is something a banker gives to a man. Credit, on the contrary is something a man already has. He has it perhaps, because he already has marketable assets of a greater cash value than the loan for which he is asking. Or he has it because his character and past record have earned it. He brings it into the bank with him. That is why the banker makes him the loan.</i></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p5 quote-right"><span class="s5"><i>Henry Hazlitt,&nbsp;</i><a href="https://mises.org/system/tdf/Henry%20Hazlitt%20Economics%20in%20One%20Lesson.pdf?file=1&amp;type=document"><span class="s2"><i>Economics in One Lesson</i></span></a></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p3"><span class="s1"><br />Production In A Market Economy Is Always Monetary Production</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">Since money is an accounting standard, all production in an economy is monetary production. If I grow and harvest a bushel of corn, I account for its worth in money terms. In a sense, I credit my account for the value of the corn that I produced which I can now use in exchange for other things. Thus, money cannot be created (or destroyed) apart from a productive process. They are one in the same.</span></p>\r\n
    <h2 class="p6"><span class="s1">Only Private Banks Create Money By Using Leverage</span></h2>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">Contrary to popular belief, only&nbsp;<i>private&nbsp;</i>banks create money. Please note that for the remainder of this article I will use “banks” to also include finance companies. This becomes logical in the context of the preceding fact pattern. Monetary production references real world production. The latter can’t be conjured out of thin air. Thus, neither can the former. Hence, central banks can’t create money.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">Private banks create money by “[facilitating] intertemporal exchange transactions between buyers and sellers” as Robert William Vivian and Nic Spearman note in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.researchgate.net/publication/311283146_Banks_and_Money_Creation_'Out_of_Nothing'"><span class="s3"><i>Banks and Money Creation ‘Out of Nothing’</i></span></a>. When the monetary value of a loan is employed productively, the increase in commercial output is accounted for as increase in the money supply. This serves as proof of economic expansion.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">Intertemporal exchange is facilitated through the employment of leverage and prudential management of liquidity. Dr. Wray dispels the common misconception that banks lend out idle reserves. Rather, he shows, banks borrow money in order to lend. Reserves are held solely to manage daily liquidity needs (such as withdrawals and to cover credit losses). In other words, banks engage in carry trades. Why else would they pay for deposits?!</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">Hence, a bank’s balance sheet is leveraged. It borrows to lend and earns the spread between what it receives from its asset portfolio and what it pays on its liabilities. By managing the relationship between assets, liabilities, and liquidity banks arbitrage time preference across markets and expand the overall productiveness of an economy. Thus, it is the profit motives and risk tolerances of bankers that drive economic activity and the money supply, not any central bank.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1"><i>A banker’s most critical role is to manage liquidity!</i>&nbsp;A lack of liquidity (which can result from poor underwriting) creates bank failures.</span></p>\r\n
    <h2 class="p3"><span class="s1">Central Banks Don’t Create Money (<i>Gasp!</i>)</span></h2>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">Note that&nbsp;<b>central banks play no role</b>&nbsp;in the value creation chain&nbsp;described&nbsp;above. Their additions or subtractions of reserves (the so-called “money” they print) have no&nbsp;<i>direct</i>&nbsp;impact on the money supply. The expansion of shadow banking and collateralized lending are testaments to this. Banks (largely) operate autonomously.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">Consider these facts noted in an&nbsp;<a href="https://voxeu.org/article/central-bank-reserve-creation-era-negative-money-multipliers"><span class="s3">article&nbsp;</span></a>by Manmohan Singh and Peter Stella. They are the exact opposite of what one would expect if central banks were influential:</span></p>\r\n
    <ul class="ul1">\r\n
    <li class="li7"><span class="s6"><i></i></span><span class="s4"><i>“Total credit market assets held by U.S. financial institutions (excluding the monetary authorities) rose by $32.3 trillion from 1981 to 2006 (744%).</i></span></li>\r\n
    <li class="li7"><span class="s6"><i></i></span><span class="s4"><i>Commercial bank reserves held as deposits at the Federal Reserve fell by $6.5 billion during the same period.</i></span></li>\r\n
    <li class="li7"><span class="s6"><i></i></span><span class="s4"><i>The relationship between bank reserves and inflation is also tenuous as shown [below]”</i></span></li>\r\n
    </ul>\r\n
    <p><img src="/images/Money_Finance_Graph_1.jpg" alt="Money Finance Graph 1.jpg" width="837" height="545" /></p>\r\n
    <p class="p9"><span class="s4">Bank deposits at the Federal Reserve and inflation 1950-2007</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p10"><span class="s7">Source:&nbsp;<a href="https://voxeu.org/article/central-bank-reserve-creation-era-negative-money-multipliers"><span class="s2"><i>Central Bank reserve creation in the era of negative money multipliers</i></span></a>&nbsp;by&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p9"><span class="s4">Manmohan Singh and Peter Stella</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">These findings can also explain why the Federal Reserve (Fed) ceased targeting the money supply under Alan Greenspan. Instead, it turned its focus to inflation. Unbeknownst to the “Maestro” and academia, the banking sector was operating outside of—and independently from—the Fed’s monetary policy. What is hailed as the&nbsp;<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Great_Moderation"><span class="s3">Great Moderation</span></a>&nbsp;was merely the evolution and expansion of the global shadow banking system.</span>&nbsp;</p>\r\n
    <p><img src="/images/Money_Finance_Graph_2.png" alt="Money Finance Graph 2.png" width="1031" height="579" /></p>\r\n
    <p class="p10"><span class="s7">Source: Jeffrey Snider,&nbsp;<a href="https://www.alhambrapartners.com/2018/12/18/eurodollar-university-inputs-outputs-and-proxies/"><span class="s2"><i>Eurodollar University: Inputs, Outputs, and Proxies</i></span></a></span></p>\r\n
    <h2 class="p3"><span class="s1">Commodity Money Is A Riskless Representation Of “The Social Unit Of Account”</span></h2>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">Gold is not money, nor is any other commodity. Money is a standard unit of account. However, money can be, and was, defined in terms of commodities. A “dollar”—the standard measure in the U.S.—was at one time specified as an exact weight of gold.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">This tie to the physical world ensured that the monetary standard itself could not be tampered with. Thus, “coin clipping” and other nefarious devaluation techniques could not debase money. It only impacted the currency and, as a result, created inflation. The values of goods and services didn’t change. The amount of coins required to obtain them did. This helps explain why inflation is a solely a product of (governmental) tampering. You can steal value from the currency but monetary values remain unchanged. The real world cannot be manipulated.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p4"><span class="s4"><i>“… when credit money is denominated in the money of account, its nominal value can fall only when it is devalued relative to the money of account …”</i></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p5"><span class="s5"><i>L. Randall Wray,&nbsp;</i><a href="http://www.levyinstitute.org/pubs/wp86.pdf"><span class="s2"><i>The Origins of Money and the Development of the Modern Financial System</i></span></a></span></p>\r\n
    <h2 class="p3"><span class="s1">The Financial System Is Built Through Pyramiding</span></h2>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">The financial system is built through pyramiding. Banks hold liabilities of other institutions as assets. This interconnects financial institutions. Thus, if a bank defaults, not only do those holding its liabilities have a problem, but institutions holding&nbsp;<i>those</i>&nbsp;banks’ paper might as well. It’s leveraging leverage.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">Pyramiding is a double-edged sword. On one hand it allows for monetary growth to be elastic—an essential characteristic of a dynamic economy. On the other, it increases liquidity risk by correlating one bank’s financial well-being to others. This is how subprime housing defaults brought the global financial system down to its knees. Credit losses quickly propagated from one bank to another.</span></p>\r\n
    <h2 class="p3"><span class="s1">Beginning To Piece It Together</span></h2>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">In grasping these concepts I began to see how little a role central banks play in the economy. Money is only created by true economic expansion. Private banks engaged in carry trades that arbitrage market participants’ time preferences facilitate this production. The process occurs beyond the&nbsp;<i>direct</i>&nbsp;influence of central banks.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">If the Fed doesn’t control money then what does it do? It clearly plays some role. I plan to explore just this in a forthcoming article. Hopefully it can help shed some light on the Fed’s actual impacts in the markets and the economy, and show why Powell’s decisions will greater impact his reputation and self-esteem more than actual monetary policy.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">A version of this article first appeared on&nbsp;<a href="https://integratinginvestor.com/central-banks-dont-create-money-really/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the Integrating Investor</a>.&nbsp;</span></p>
    """
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  -metadesc: "The following is Part 2 in a series discussing my belief that fiat currency regimes with central banks ultimately result in increasing amounts of leverage.\u{A0}Part 1 can be found here."
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AppController :: renderFooter (token = a71c61)

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CookieController :: renderCookie (token = 2a4248)

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