Symfony Profiler

"_format=html&_locale=en&_controller=App%5CController%5CArticleController%3A%3ArelatedArticles"

"App\Controller\ArticleController::relatedArticles"

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App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 3635
  -title: "Sharpening Your Sharpe Ratio for Cryptocurrency Trading"
  -slug: "sharpening-your-sharpe-ratio-for-cryptocurrency-trading"
  -introtext: "<p id="e687" class="graf graf--p graf--hasDropCapModel graf--hasDropCap graf-after--h4"><span class="graf-dropCap">G</span>regory Sandrich stops for a few seconds to adjust his jacket. He’s about to meet his son-in-law, an investment banker at Goldman Sachs, for lunch in downtown Manhattan. The retired accountant and grandfather can’t wait to share with his son-in-law the latest investment he’s just made.</p>\r\n"
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p id="2c50" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Sandrich has always prided himself on being an astute investor. Several years ago, he spotted the tech boom and rode companies like AltaVista.com to dizzying heights.</p>\r\n
    <p id="a8eb" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">But unlike other speculators, Sandrich also knew how to exit the market at the right time, selling when the shares in technology companies had hit levels completely out of sync with their underlying value\u{200A}—\u{200A}something he felt best capable of calculating given his background in accounting.</p>\r\n
    <p id="b7ca" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">So when a golfing buddy at his country club mentioned an exclusive new investment vehicle to Sandrich, he was naturally skeptical at first. But when Sandrich looked over the prospectus of the firm touting the investments, their consistency of returns piqued his interest.</p>\r\n
    <figure id="b9f2" class="graf graf--figure graf-after--p" style="text-align: center;">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder-fill">&nbsp;</div>\r\n
    <div class="progressiveMedia js-progressiveMedia graf-image is-canvasLoaded is-imageLoaded" style="text-align: center;" data-image-id="1*p4DII6ofVD9WVFci0S9FMA.jpeg" data-width="810" data-height="380" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*p4DII6ofVD9WVFci0S9FMA.jpeg" data-scroll="native"><canvas class="progressiveMedia-canvas js-progressiveMedia-canvas" width="75" height="35"></canvas><img class="progressiveMedia-image js-progressiveMedia-image" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*p4DII6ofVD9WVFci0S9FMA.jpeg" alt="" data-src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*p4DII6ofVD9WVFci0S9FMA.jpeg" /></div>\r\n
    </div>\r\n
    <figcaption class="imageCaption"><span style="color: #808080;"><strong><br />That moment when Greg realized his 401(k) was really just an&nbsp;IOU.<br /><br /></strong></span></figcaption></figure>\r\n
    <p id="fcc3" class="graf graf--p graf-after--figure">Over a 10-year period, the fund that Sandrich was considering had delivered market-beating returns of between 8% and 12% per annum. But before Sandrich decided to allocate a significant portion of his retirements savings into the fund, he first did his homework.</p>\r\n
    <p id="6097" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Studying the returns of the fund, which invested primarily in blue chip stocks, while taking options on them as well, sometimes known as a split-strike or collar, Sandrich also used the Sharpe Ratio (a risk-reward ratio) to determine if the fund was worth investing in.</p>\r\n
    <p id="af52" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">The Sharpe Ratio, authored by Nobel laureate William Sharpe in the first half of the 1990s is a tool used to examine the performance of an investment by adjusting for its risk.</p>\r\n
    <p id="e20a" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">The Sharpe Ratio is reproduced as follows:</p>\r\n
    <figure id="6881" class="graf graf--figure graf-after--p">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder-fill">&nbsp;</div>\r\n
    <div class="progressiveMedia js-progressiveMedia graf-image is-canvasLoaded is-imageLoaded" data-image-id="0*qGUfC-KKn5ncFg3-.png" data-width="346" data-height="154" data-scroll="native"><canvas class="progressiveMedia-canvas js-progressiveMedia-canvas" width="75" height="32"></canvas><img class="progressiveMedia-image js-progressiveMedia-image" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/0*qGUfC-KKn5ncFg3-.png" alt="" width="220" height="98" data-src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/0*qGUfC-KKn5ncFg3-.png" /></div>\r\n
    </div>\r\n
    </figure>\r\n
    <p id="2340" class="graf graf--p graf-after--figure">Where,</p>\r\n
    <p id="fae5" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">S = Sharpe Ratio</p>\r\n
    <p id="468b" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Rp = Return of portfolio</p>\r\n
    <p id="8580" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Rf = Risk-Free rate</p>\r\n
    <p id="c038" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">σp = Standard deviation of portfolio’s excess return</p>\r\n
    <p id="681b" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">The Sharpe Ratio measures the excess return (or risk premium) per unit of deviation in an investment asset or a trading strategy, typically referred to as risk.</p>\r\n
    <p id="1edc" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Using the Sharpe Ratio, Sandrich was convinced that his investment was relatively safe and on the recommendation of his golfing buddy (without whom he would otherwise not have had access to the investment), proceeded to place a sizeable chunk of his retirement with the firm of Bernard L. Madoff Securities LLC.</p>\r\n
    <p id="a64d" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">The rest, as they say, is history.</p>\r\n
    <p id="dff2" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Bernard Madoff, better known as Bernie Madoff presided over one of the largest Ponzi schemes in history\u{200A}—\u{200A}a staggering US$65 billion is estimated to have been lost in the scheme, along with all of Sandrich’s investment and that of his son-in-law who he also recommended the investment to.</p>\r\n
    <figure id="3e9f" class="graf graf--figure graf-after--p" style="text-align: center;">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder-fill">&nbsp;</div>\r\n
    <div class="progressiveMedia js-progressiveMedia graf-image is-canvasLoaded is-imageLoaded" data-image-id="1*Tlu9-6U6EN2FlTl5Dwyr-w.jpeg" data-width="890" data-height="501" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*Tlu9-6U6EN2FlTl5Dwyr-w.jpeg" data-scroll="native"><canvas class="progressiveMedia-canvas js-progressiveMedia-canvas" width="75" height="41"></canvas><img class="progressiveMedia-image js-progressiveMedia-image" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*Tlu9-6U6EN2FlTl5Dwyr-w.jpeg" alt="" data-src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*Tlu9-6U6EN2FlTl5Dwyr-w.jpeg" /></div>\r\n
    </div>\r\n
    <figcaption class="imageCaption"><span style="color: #808080;"><strong><br />Ponzi scheme mastermind and man worried about the Tide Pod he had for lunch, Bernard “Bernie”&nbsp;Madoff.<br /><br /></strong></span></figcaption></figure>\r\n
    <p id="fe0e" class="graf graf--p graf-after--figure">And while Madoff succeeded in his scheme for a variety of reasons, it was the misapplication of the Sharpe Ratio in some cases that led to dozens of investors believing Madoff’s firm as having developed an extraordinary investment savvy.</p>\r\n
    <p id="8126" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Ponzi schemes, particularly those such as Madoff’s, with a long duration of operation, would typically provide a high Sharpe Ratio when derived from reported returns, but the inputs are false.</p>\r\n
    <p id="44b9" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Had investors derived the performance of the underlying assets that Madoff’s firm was investing in, as opposed to the firm’s purported returns\u{200A}—\u{200A}they would have quite quickly discovered that the firm’s results were more fiction than fact.</p>\r\n
    <p id="504d" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Therein lies the difficulty with using tools such as the Sharpe Ratio for calculating investment returns\u{200A}—\u{200A}they’re only as useful as the quality of the data you put in.</p>\r\n
    <p id="f8c2" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Which is why relying on the Sharpe Ratio in cryptocurrency trading is so fraught with difficulty. But that’s not to say that the ratio itself is of limited value. Quite the contrary, it’s how you use it (that’s what she said) that matters.</p>\r\n
    <h2 id="7d66" class="graf graf--h4 graf-after--p">Adapting the Sharpe Ratio for Cryptocurrency Trading</h2>\r\n
    <p id="bddb" class="graf graf--p graf-after--h4">Even if you’re a Bitcoin maximalist, odds are you’re still paying for your rent and your taxes in fiat currency. So for ease of analysis, I’ve assumed that the purpose of using the Sharpe Ratio to calculate whether or not cryptocurrencies make for a good investment is for growing your fistful of dollars.</p>\r\n
    <p id="4b39" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">The Sharpe Ratio, measures the average return in excess of the risk-free rate of return per unit of volatility, or total risk. Generally, the greater the value of the Sharpe Ratio, the more attractive the risk-adjusted return.</p>\r\n
    <figure id="20a1" class="graf graf--figure graf-after--p" style="text-align: center;">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder-fill">&nbsp;</div>\r\n
    <div class="progressiveMedia js-progressiveMedia graf-image is-canvasLoaded is-imageLoaded" data-image-id="1*tRGzkQAHBsFUnwlybSkK4w.jpeg" data-width="1356" data-height="668" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*tRGzkQAHBsFUnwlybSkK4w.jpeg" data-scroll="native"><canvas class="progressiveMedia-canvas js-progressiveMedia-canvas" width="75" height="36"></canvas><img class="progressiveMedia-image js-progressiveMedia-image" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*tRGzkQAHBsFUnwlybSkK4w.jpeg" alt="" width="800" height="394" data-src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*tRGzkQAHBsFUnwlybSkK4w.jpeg" /></div>\r\n
    </div>\r\n
    <figcaption class="imageCaption"><span style="color: #808080;"><strong><br />Broker’s method to obtain a risk-free rate of return was starting to look suspicious.<br /><br /></strong></span></figcaption></figure>\r\n
    <p id="c9e5" class="graf graf--p graf-after--figure">Now for cryptocurrency trading, the only “risk-free” rate of return is by loaning your existing pools of cryptocurrency to an exchange to fund their liquidity requirements, with the payouts on average of 1% per annum and above, denominated in the cryptocurrency being loaned out.</p>\r\n
    <p id="18d7" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">So for instance if you’re lending out Litecoin, you’ll be receiving 1% interest on that Litecoin.</p>\r\n
    <p id="dc42" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">But even loaning your cryptocurrency out to an exchange is not technically “risk-free” because of the exchange counterparty risk or the risk that the exchange is hacked.</p>\r\n
    <p id="b3e4" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">And since our purpose in using the Sharpe Ratio is to increase our dollar holdings, we’ll need to use something else to calculate our risk-free rate of return instead, like a T-Bill, which at the time of writing is 2.4% for a 3-month T-Bill.</p>\r\n
    <p id="a0ae" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">So now that we’ve got our Rf value (not quite, it still needs some work, but it’ll do for now), we need to come up with our denominator, the σp (standard deviation of a portfolio’s excess return) value and here’s where it gets tricky.</p>\r\n
    <h2 id="d01e" class="graf graf--h4 graf-after--p">Calculating Standard Deviation of Portfolio Return</h2>\r\n
    <p id="13d7" class="graf graf--p graf-after--h4">Whilst it has not been my habit to burden my readers with too much math, this next part may get a bit laborious, so for those who wish, you might want to skip down to the later parts of this piece.</p>\r\n
    <p id="fef9" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Otherwise, whip out your abacus (that’s what she said) and get ready for some (not too tedious) number crunching. I’ll go as slowly and methodically as possible.</p>\r\n
    <figure id="37d3" class="graf graf--figure graf-after--p" style="text-align: center;">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder-fill">&nbsp;</div>\r\n
    <div class="progressiveMedia js-progressiveMedia graf-image is-canvasLoaded is-imageLoaded" data-image-id="1*H-bdUzpL4q3PTivSPsExFg.jpeg" data-width="1200" data-height="800" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*H-bdUzpL4q3PTivSPsExFg.jpeg" data-scroll="native"><canvas class="progressiveMedia-canvas js-progressiveMedia-canvas" width="75" height="50"></canvas><img class="progressiveMedia-image js-progressiveMedia-image" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*H-bdUzpL4q3PTivSPsExFg.jpeg" alt="" width="800" height="533" data-src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*H-bdUzpL4q3PTivSPsExFg.jpeg" /></div>\r\n
    </div>\r\n
    <figcaption class="imageCaption"><span style="color: #808080;"><strong><br />Also known as non-standard deviation.<br /><br /></strong></span></figcaption></figure>\r\n
    <p id="320d" class="graf graf--p graf-after--figure">Equating volatility to risk in cryptocurrency trading is a tricky business. For starters, volatility depends on the time frame one is looking at&nbsp;<em class="markup--em markup--p-em">and&nbsp;</em>the time one is examining the cryptocurrency market.</p>\r\n
    <p id="6b04" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Cryptocurrencies can be incredible sedate and incredibly volatile, depending on what time frame one extracts for purposes of using the Sharpe Ratio.</p>\r\n
    <p id="f9a1" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">For starters, let’s look at an incredibly short time frame for Bitcoin, a two hour window between 10.00 am and 12 noon (GMT + 8) on February 22, 2019. And for illustration purposes only, let’s use the data from CoinMarketCap.</p>\r\n
    <p id="70fe" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Now assume that we have a mechanical trading strategy (which is really not much of a strategy at all) of buying at the top of the hour and selling and buying again at 15 minute intervals.</p>\r\n
    <p id="8eeb" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">This is by no means a trading strategy, it’s just a random purchase and sale of Bitcoin and is completely arbitrary, but will demonstrate how much a Sharpe Ratio can skew perspectives if not properly understood.</p>\r\n
    <p id="5624" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">So here goes,</p>\r\n
    <p id="1104" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">10.00 am\u{200A}—\u{200A}BUY 1 BTC @ US$3,961.48</p>\r\n
    <p id="99ed" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">10.15 am\u{200A}—\u{200A}SELL 1 BTC @ US$3,963.75\u{200A}—\u{200A}PROFIT US$2.27 (+0.06%)</p>\r\n
    <p id="23e2" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">10.15 am\u{200A}—\u{200A}BUY 1 BTC @ US$3,963.75</p>\r\n
    <p id="1184" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">10.30 am\u{200A}—\u{200A}SELL 1 BTC @ US$3,971.20\u{200A}—\u{200A}PROFIT US$7.45 (+0.19%)</p>\r\n
    <p id="413e" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">10.30 am\u{200A}—\u{200A}BUY 1 BTC @ US$3,971.20</p>\r\n
    <p id="92ad" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">10.45 am\u{200A}—\u{200A}SELL 1 BTC @ US$3,970.00\u{200A}—\u{200A}LOSS US$1.20 (-0.03%)</p>\r\n
    <p id="256a" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">10.45 am\u{200A}—\u{200A}BUY 1 BTC @ US$3,970.00</p>\r\n
    <p id="afa3" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">11.00 am\u{200A}—\u{200A}SELL 1 BTC @ US$3,972.45\u{200A}—\u{200A}PROFIT US$2.45 (+0.06%)</p>\r\n
    <p id="c2e7" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">11.00 am\u{200A}—\u{200A}BUY 1 BTC @ US$3,972.45</p>\r\n
    <p id="2694" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">11.15 am\u{200A}—\u{200A}SELL 1 BTC @ US$3,973.37\u{200A}—\u{200A}PROFIT US$0.92 (+0.02%)</p>\r\n
    <p id="018c" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">11.15 am\u{200A}—\u{200A}BUY 1 BTC @ US$3,973.37</p>\r\n
    <p id="d85a" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">11.30 am\u{200A}—\u{200A}SELL 1 BTC @ US$3,972.80\u{200A}—\u{200A}LOSS US$0.57 (-0.01%)</p>\r\n
    <p id="7290" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">11.30 am\u{200A}—\u{200A}BUY 1 BTC @ US$3,972.80</p>\r\n
    <p id="907c" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">11.45 am\u{200A}—\u{200A}SELL 1 BTC @ US$3,971.70\u{200A}—\u{200A}LOSS US$1.10 (-0.03%)</p>\r\n
    <p id="1e9f" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">11.45 am\u{200A}—\u{200A}BUY 1 BTC @ US$3,971.70</p>\r\n
    <p id="d2c4" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">12.00 pm\u{200A}—\u{200A}SELL 1 BTC @ US$3,970.19\u{200A}—\u{200A}LOSS US$1.51 (-0.04%)</p>\r\n
    <p id="66fa" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Our total profit for the entire 2-hour trading session is&nbsp;<strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">US$8.71</strong>&nbsp;excluding any trading fees and the percentage return at the end of the exercise is&nbsp;<strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">0.22%</strong>&nbsp;in total.</p>\r\n
    <p id="8cce" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Now remember, this isn’t a trading strategy, it assumes that Bitcoin will go up in the 2-hour trading session, and locks in any gains (or losses) made at 15-minute intervals. It’s completely arbitrary.</p>\r\n
    <p id="d7a5" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Now to calculate standard deviation for purposes of the Sharpe Ratio.</p>\r\n
    <p id="361c" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">The standard deviation (as complicated as that sounds) is just simply a number to measure how spread out numbers are.</p>\r\n
    <figure id="c852" class="graf graf--figure graf-after--p" style="text-align: center;">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder-fill">&nbsp;</div>\r\n
    <div class="progressiveMedia js-progressiveMedia graf-image is-canvasLoaded is-imageLoaded" data-image-id="1*Ux02Wa0pZ6uddswbTjQmZg.jpeg" data-width="1600" data-height="900" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*Ux02Wa0pZ6uddswbTjQmZg.jpeg" data-scroll="native"><canvas class="progressiveMedia-canvas js-progressiveMedia-canvas" width="75" height="41"></canvas><img class="progressiveMedia-image js-progressiveMedia-image" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*Ux02Wa0pZ6uddswbTjQmZg.jpeg" alt="" width="800" height="450" data-src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*Ux02Wa0pZ6uddswbTjQmZg.jpeg" /></div>\r\n
    </div>\r\n
    <figcaption class="imageCaption"><span style="color: #808080;"><strong><br />Walter was starting to wonder if his accountant has miscalculated his rate of&nbsp;return.<br /><br /></strong></span></figcaption></figure>\r\n
    <p id="c61a" class="graf graf--p graf-after--figure">The symbol for standard deviation is&nbsp;<strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">σ</strong>&nbsp;(the Greek letter “sigma” and what looks like a tadpole but isn’t\u{200A}—\u{200A}so now here’s something to impress your date with the next time you’re at a Greek restaurant).</p>\r\n
    <p id="40df" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">And the formula to calculate standard deviation is:</p>\r\n
    <figure id="60f6" class="graf graf--figure graf-after--p">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder-fill">&nbsp;</div>\r\n
    <img class="graf-image" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/0*pJerIeqdlH833Qr5.gif" alt="" data-image-id="0*pJerIeqdlH833Qr5.gif" data-width="189" data-height="65" /></div>\r\n
    </figure>\r\n
    <p id="116f" class="graf graf--p graf-after--figure">Don’t throw up just yet, it’s not as complicated as it looks.</p>\r\n
    <h4 id="2341" class="graf graf--h4 graf-after--p">Start with Calculating the&nbsp;Mean</h4>\r\n
    <p id="c32d" class="graf graf--p graf-after--h4">So from our 2-hour trading session, we’ve got a bunch of numbers, but what we care about are the percentage returns, because remember, we’re going to be putting this stuff into a Sharpe Ratio later which will be based on percentages.</p>\r\n
    <p id="c832" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">+0.06, +0.19, -0.03, +0.06, +0.02, -0.01, -0.03, -0.04</p>\r\n
    <p id="4936" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">So let’s work out the mean (average) of these numbers.</p>\r\n
    <p id="0c00" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">0.06 + 0.19 - 0.03 + 0.06 + 0.02 - 0.01 - 0.03 - 0.04 / 8 = 0.03</p>\r\n
    <p id="7edd" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">(rounded to 2-decimal places)</p>\r\n
    <p id="70a6" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">The Greek symbol&nbsp;<strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">μ&nbsp;</strong>(pronounced “mu” and the mean of all our values) in the formula above is&nbsp;<strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">0.03</strong>.</p>\r\n
    <p id="5f1c" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p"><strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">μ</strong>= 0.03</p>\r\n
    <h4 id="2677" class="graf graf--h4 graf-after--p">For Each Number, Subtract the Mean and Square the&nbsp;Result</h4>\r\n
    <p id="7676" class="graf graf--p graf-after--h4">This is the part of the formula that says:</p>\r\n
    <figure id="2882" class="graf graf--figure graf-after--p">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder-fill">&nbsp;</div>\r\n
    <img class="graf-image" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/0*84jUqCXnIxowRyyv.gif" alt="" data-image-id="0*84jUqCXnIxowRyyv.gif" data-width="82" data-height="26" /></div>\r\n
    </figure>\r\n
    <p id="54bc" class="graf graf--p graf-after--figure">So what is&nbsp;<strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong"><em class="markup--em markup--p-em">xi</em></strong>&nbsp;? It’s the individual x values of +0.06, +0.19, -0.03, +0.06….and so on.</p>\r\n
    <p id="465b" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">So, we get…</p>\r\n
    <p id="fba1" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">(0.06 - 0.03)² = 0.0009</p>\r\n
    <p id="8bd2" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">(0.19 - 0.03)² = 0.0256</p>\r\n
    <p id="33e8" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">(-0.03 - 0.03)² = 0.0036</p>\r\n
    <p id="cd67" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">(0.06 - 0.03)² = 0.0009</p>\r\n
    <p id="2657" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">(0.02 - 0.03)² = 0.0001</p>\r\n
    <p id="dcc2" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">(-0.01 - 0.03)² = 0.0016</p>\r\n
    <p id="bcd1" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">(-0.03 - 0.03)² = 0.0036</p>\r\n
    <p id="e61a" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">and finally,</p>\r\n
    <p id="c80e" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">(-0.04 - 0.03)² = 0.0049</p>\r\n
    <p id="2ba5" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Take a sip of water (maybe a Red Bull), we’re not quite done yet.</p>\r\n
    <h2 id="ffae" class="graf graf--h4 graf-after--p">Now Work Out the Mean of Those Squared Differences</h2>\r\n
    <p id="6075" class="graf graf--p graf-after--h4">This simply means we add up all the values we got from the previous step and divide by the number of values that we had to begin with.</p>\r\n
    <p id="0c9d" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">In mathematics, this is represented by the Greek symbol “sigma” which is&nbsp;<strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">Σ</strong>.</p>\r\n
    <figure id="5030" class="graf graf--figure graf-after--p">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder-fill">&nbsp;</div>\r\n
    <img class="graf-image" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/0*bGLfqpvGqSSeevxC.gif" alt="" data-image-id="0*bGLfqpvGqSSeevxC.gif" data-width="108" data-height="58" /></div>\r\n
    </figure>\r\n
    <p id="b42e" class="graf graf--p graf-after--figure">Where “N” is simply the value we go to, in this case 0.0009 (the first value in our series) and the “<em class="markup--em markup--p-em">i&nbsp;</em>= 1” simply means that we add up all the values from where we started at to in our case the eighth value.</p>\r\n
    <p id="3973" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">So…</p>\r\n
    <p id="c9ca" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">0.0009 + 0.0256 + 0.0036 + 0.0009 + 0.0001 + 0.0016 + 0.0036 + 0.0049 = 0.0412</p>\r\n
    <p id="d60e" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">But that’s not the mean yet, we need to divide by the number of values that we have which is done by multiplying by 1/N or the same as dividing by “N” which is the number of values we have, eight in this case.</p>\r\n
    <p id="8953" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">So the mean of the squared differences is,</p>\r\n
    <p id="4e89" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">(1/8) x 0.0412 = 0.00515</p>\r\n
    <p id="e37e" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">This value is now called the “variance”.</p>\r\n
    <p id="db42" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Now take the square root of that.</p>\r\n
    <figure id="5b28" class="graf graf--figure graf-after--p">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder-fill">&nbsp;</div>\r\n
    <img class="graf-image" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/0*OHO_nkfW2xSb9xRi.gif" alt="" data-image-id="0*OHO_nkfW2xSb9xRi.gif" data-width="189" data-height="65" /></div>\r\n
    </figure>\r\n
    <p id="01bf" class="graf graf--p graf-after--figure">σ = √(0.00515) =&nbsp;<strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">0.07</strong></p>\r\n
    <p id="0c66" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">And there you have it, that’s our standard deviation for a 2-hour trading period of Bitcoin buying and selling.</p>\r\n
    <h2 id="ea53" class="graf graf--h4 graf-after--p">Sharpen Up the Sharpe&nbsp;Ratio</h2>\r\n
    <p id="a1a2" class="graf graf--p graf-after--h4">So now let’s put the standard deviation we have into the Sharpe Ratio (it’s ending soon I promise).</p>\r\n
    <figure id="4c8c" class="graf graf--figure graf-after--p">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder-fill">&nbsp;</div>\r\n
    <div class="progressiveMedia js-progressiveMedia graf-image is-canvasLoaded is-imageLoaded" data-image-id="0*qlRF-YFwGjeNuJ0R.png" data-width="346" data-height="154" data-scroll="native"><canvas class="progressiveMedia-canvas js-progressiveMedia-canvas" width="75" height="32"></canvas><img class="progressiveMedia-image js-progressiveMedia-image" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/0*qlRF-YFwGjeNuJ0R.png" alt="" width="249" height="111" data-src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/0*qlRF-YFwGjeNuJ0R.png" /></div>\r\n
    </div>\r\n
    </figure>\r\n
    <p id="e1c7" class="graf graf--p graf-after--figure">As you will (no doubt) recall, Rp is the return on the portfolio. In this case, 0.22%.</p>\r\n
    <p id="fd5a" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Because we staked the US$3,961.48 to start our trading session and we yielded US$8.71 after 2 hours, our 2-hour return was 0.22%.</p>\r\n
    <p id="d277" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">But now we need to calculate what the 2-hour rate of return for a T-Bill was, otherwise the equation would be busted for crappy data.</p>\r\n
    <figure id="025b" class="graf graf--figure graf-after--p" style="text-align: center;">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder-fill">&nbsp;</div>\r\n
    <div class="progressiveMedia js-progressiveMedia graf-image is-canvasLoaded is-imageLoaded" data-image-id="1*oI_b8N8l4dSngthDEimR8A.jpeg" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*oI_b8N8l4dSngthDEimR8A.jpeg" data-scroll="native"><canvas class="progressiveMedia-canvas js-progressiveMedia-canvas" width="75" height="41"></canvas><img class="progressiveMedia-image js-progressiveMedia-image" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*oI_b8N8l4dSngthDEimR8A.jpeg" alt="" width="800" height="450" data-src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*oI_b8N8l4dSngthDEimR8A.jpeg" /></div>\r\n
    </div>\r\n
    <figcaption class="imageCaption"><strong><br /><span style="color: #808080;">Grandpa got riled up when he appeared on the Kiss&nbsp;Cam.</span><br /><br /></strong></figcaption></figure>\r\n
    <p id="979c" class="graf graf--p graf-after--figure">And because cryptocurrency markets are 24/7, we’ll just (for ease of calculation) calculate the 2-hour return for a T-Bill over the same time frame. There are secondary markets for T-Bills which are 24/7, so it’s not an entirely unreasonable assumption.</p>\r\n
    <p id="c175" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">A 3-month T-bill pays out 2.4% over a year (they are annualized), so over 3 months, the risk-free rate of return on a T-bill is:</p>\r\n
    <p id="6dc5" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">2.4% / 3 = 0.8%</p>\r\n
    <p id="5670" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">We’re not done yet. We need to work this into an hourly number. So assuming that each month has 30 days, for ease of calculation,</p>\r\n
    <p id="4592" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">0.8 / (24 x 90) = 0.00037% per hour</p>\r\n
    <p id="ff9a" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">and 0.00074% for two hours.</p>\r\n
    <p id="73e1" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">So now we have all the values that we need for our Sharpe Ratio and let’s put everything together.</p>\r\n
    <p id="b853" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">S = (0.22 - 0.00074) / 0.07</p>\r\n
    <p id="9a29" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">=&nbsp;<strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">313.83%</strong></p>\r\n
    <p id="28e5" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">That’s right, over a 2-hour period of trading in Bitcoin, the Sharpe Ratio is a whopping&nbsp;<strong class="markup--strong markup--p-strong">313.83%</strong>, which in ordinary investment speak is not just an attractive investment, it’s one that you’d be foolish not to make!</p>\r\n
    <p id="0246" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">But don’t be fooled by the Sharpe Ratio.</p>\r\n
    <h2 id="18e0" class="graf graf--h4 graf-after--p">So Sharpe It Can Cut Through&nbsp;Metal</h2>\r\n
    <p id="8b38" class="graf graf--p graf-after--h4">Because remember, there were several underlying assumptions that we (well more like “I”) took when we started on this mathematical journey, the Sharpe Ratio is only really useful to a point\u{200A}—\u{200A}that we took an arbitrary trading strategy in Bitcoin and that we were only going to trade in a 2-hour window.</p>\r\n
    <p id="6493" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">But as you increase the window of time with which to apply the Sharpe Ratio, the numbers look vastly different because a whole host of other externalities come into play.</p>\r\n
    <figure id="225b" class="graf graf--figure graf-after--p" style="text-align: center;">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder-fill">&nbsp;</div>\r\n
    <div class="progressiveMedia js-progressiveMedia graf-image is-canvasLoaded is-imageLoaded" data-image-id="1*_dej9Erl0USEHSkSY2SNjA.jpeg" data-width="1280" data-height="720" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*_dej9Erl0USEHSkSY2SNjA.jpeg" data-scroll="native"><canvas class="progressiveMedia-canvas js-progressiveMedia-canvas" width="75" height="41"></canvas><img class="progressiveMedia-image js-progressiveMedia-image" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*_dej9Erl0USEHSkSY2SNjA.jpeg" alt="" width="800" height="450" data-src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*_dej9Erl0USEHSkSY2SNjA.jpeg" /></div>\r\n
    </div>\r\n
    <figcaption class="imageCaption"><strong><br /><span style="color: #808080;">Not a recommend use of the Sharpe&nbsp;Ratio.</span><br /><br /></strong></figcaption></figure>\r\n
    <p id="b80b" class="graf graf--p graf-after--figure">For instance, if you stretch the time period examined backwards to a year from today, you’d have captured the highly destructive Bitcoin Cash war, which caused the price of Bitcoin to plummet dramatically and that would have a rather large impact on the standard deviation.</p>\r\n
    <p id="2e73" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Stretch your data points a little further and you’d capture the unprecedented run-up in Bitcoin’s price to the US$20,000 level again with its distortive effects on the Sharpe Ratio.</p>\r\n
    <p id="dd27" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Again, depending on the data set you input into your Sharpe Ratio, the results would be dramatically different, because again, risk, or volatility, is heavily dependent on the time frame that you’re using to measure it with.</p>\r\n
    <h2 id="b2ec" class="graf graf--h4 graf-after--p">Ration Your Use of&nbsp;Ratios</h2>\r\n
    <p id="2cd6" class="graf graf--p graf-after--h4">Just as the Nobel laureates at the now defunct billion-dollar hedge fund, Long Term Capital Management will tell you, ratios and mathematical formulas are only as good as the data and the assumptions you put into them.</p>\r\n
    <p id="efb0" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">The better the quality of your data, the more accurate your calculations.</p>\r\n
    <p id="47f7" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">And therein lies another difficulty when it comes to using a purely formulaic approach when it comes to cryptocurrency trading.</p>\r\n
    <figure id="f016" class="graf graf--figure graf-after--p">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder is-locked">\r\n
    <div class="aspectRatioPlaceholder-fill">&nbsp;</div>\r\n
    <div class="progressiveMedia js-progressiveMedia graf-image is-canvasLoaded is-imageLoaded" data-image-id="1*RZimy1mlHQ97glvJnxGy3w.jpeg" data-width="1280" data-height="398" data-action="zoom" data-action-value="1*RZimy1mlHQ97glvJnxGy3w.jpeg" data-scroll="native"><canvas class="progressiveMedia-canvas js-progressiveMedia-canvas" width="75" height="22"></canvas><img class="progressiveMedia-image js-progressiveMedia-image" src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*RZimy1mlHQ97glvJnxGy3w.jpeg" alt="" width="800" height="249" data-src="https://cdn-images-1.medium.com/max/1600/1*RZimy1mlHQ97glvJnxGy3w.jpeg" /></div>\r\n
    </div>\r\n
    </figure>\r\n
    <p id="bf69" class="graf graf--p graf-after--figure"><br />Remember how we used data from CoinMarketCap for our calculations?</p>\r\n
    <p id="a378" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Well the prices on that website are purely representative\u{200A}—\u{200A}they may not necessarily exist anywhere and are algorithmically created based on opaque weightages assigned to various unknown cryptocurrency exchanges.</p>\r\n
    <p id="2ca8" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">For a Sharpe Ratio to be useful, the price input and profit calculation need to be gleaned from an actual market place where prices can be realized\u{200A}—\u{200A}something which is a function of market depth as well.</p>\r\n
    <h2 id="6156" class="graf graf--h4 graf-after--p">So What is the Sharpe Ratio Good For?</h2>\r\n
    <p id="bea9" class="graf graf--p graf-after--h4">Because many cryptocurrency exchanges allow traders to access their APIs (application programming interfaces), traders can use the Sharpe Ratio (preferably over very short periods of time) to calculate the risk-reward ratio of making a particular trade.</p>\r\n
    <p id="a1fc" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Over extremely short periods of time, the Sharpe Ratio can be used as a risk management tool to determine whether or not an automated trade should or should not be made and can be incorporated as part of an existing trading algorithm to ensure that automated cryptocurrency trading is within the risk management policies of a trader.</p>\r\n
    <p id="d0ed" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">But that doesn’t mean that it’s foolproof.</p>\r\n
    <p id="2030" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">Because there is no way to forecast with a high degree of accuracy Black Swan-type events in cryptocurrency trading, there will always be the risk that automated trading algorithms continue to trade during periods of extreme volatility.</p>\r\n
    <p id="70a9" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p">For that, a trader’s knowledge of fundamental indicators, such as impending soft and hard forks, developmental support, blockchain development, application build-out and other issues which cannot be captured from price data alone, become highly relevant in ensuring the smooth running of automated cryptocurrency trading programs.</p>\r\n
    <p id="16ca" class="graf graf--p graf-after--p graf--trailing">Many of the tools drawn from the capital markets are helpful in cryptocurrency trading, but almost all of them will require some degree of modification and a high degree of monitoring to ensure their maximum efficacy.</p>
    """
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      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
    }
    3759 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3759
      -href: "/build/contact-css.css"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
    }
    3758 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3758
      -href: "/build/comment-css.css"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
    }
  ]
}

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