GET https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/patents-and-competition-thomas-edison-xerox-bell-labs-medtronic

Response
200 OK
IP
216.73.216.183
Profiled on
Token
169fbc

ArticleController :: show

Request

GET Parameters

None

POST Parameters

None

Uploaded Files

None

Request Attributes

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::show"
_firewall_context 
"security.firewall.map.context.main"
_links 
Symfony\Component\WebLink\GenericLinkProvider {#3652
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      -rel: [
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      -attributes: [
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      ]
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    3771 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3771
      -href: "/build/644.js"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3770 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3770
      -href: "/build/502.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3769 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3769
      -href: "/build/app.js"
      -rel: [
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      -attributes: [
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    }
    3768 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3768
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      -attributes: [
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    }
    3767 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3767
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      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3766 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3766
      -href: "/build/contact.js"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3765 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3765
      -href: "/build/scroll-infinite-article.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3764 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3764
      -href: "/build/app.css"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3763 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3763
      -href: "/build/cookie-style.css"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
    }
    3762 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3762
      -href: "/build/term-condition-css.css"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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    }
    3761 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3761
      -href: "/build/contact-css.css"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3760 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3760
      -href: "/build/comment-css.css"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
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}
_route 
"article_show"
_route_params 
[
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  "slug" => "patents-and-competition-thomas-edison-xerox-bell-labs-medtronic"
]
_security_firewall_run 
"_security_main"
_stopwatch_token 
"b83bf1"
category 
"global-economy"
slug 
"patents-and-competition-thomas-edison-xerox-bell-labs-medtronic"

Request Headers

Header Value
accept 
"*/*"
accept-encoding 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
connection 
"close"
cookie 
"PHPSESSID=b5e1qci7rrtoltc189js8l5279"
host 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
user-agent 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
x-php-ob-level 
"1"

Request Content

Request content not available (it was retrieved as a resource).

Response

Response Headers

Header Value
cache-control 
"no-cache, private"
content-type 
"text/html; charset=UTF-8"
date 
"Sun, 01 Jun 2025 11:03:38 GMT"
link 
"</build/runtime.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/644.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/502.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/view-more.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/term-condition.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/contact.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/scroll-infinite-article.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/cookie-style.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/term-condition-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/contact-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/comment-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style""
x-debug-token 
"169fbc"

Cookies

Request Cookies

Key Value
PHPSESSID 
"b5e1qci7rrtoltc189js8l5279"

Response Cookies

No response cookies

Session 6

Session Metadata

Key Value
Created 
"Sun, 01 Jun 25 11:02:11 +0000"
Last used 
"Sun, 01 Jun 25 11:03:36 +0000"
Lifetime 
0

Session Attributes

Attribute Value
_csrf/https-comment 
"vbQ_kSsjq-GLXieUcBdgPJo3RKc_DMX0zQnt8aq1THg"
_csrf/https-cookie_accept 
"BPvYyNY79fdcp-Y2qCGkZFyCiI34riL5Z9ezS5nQ6sw"

Session Usage

6 Usages
Stateless check enabled
Usage
Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:76
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:79
Show trace 
[
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:52
Show trace 
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  [
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:56
Show trace 
[
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 181
    "function" => "show"
    "class" => "App\Controller\ArticleController"
    "type" => "->"
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    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/Kernel.php"
    "line" => 197
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/runtime/Runner/Symfony/HttpKernelRunner.php"
    "line" => 35
    "function" => "handle"
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    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    "line" => 29
    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
  ]
]
Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage:41
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-core/Authentication/Token/Storage/UsageTrackingTokenStorage.php"
    "line" => 41
    "function" => "getMetadataBag"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/twig-bridge/AppVariable.php"
    "line" => 103
    "function" => "getToken"
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    "function" => "twig_get_attribute"
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    "function" => "handle"
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  [
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    "function" => "show"
    "class" => "App\Controller\ArticleController"
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    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
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    "type" => "->"
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  [
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    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
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    "function" => "handle"
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    "function" => "run"
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  [
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    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
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]
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener:171
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-http/Firewall/ContextListener.php"
    "line" => 171
    "function" => "remove"
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    "type" => "->"
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  [
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    "line" => 116
    "function" => "onKernelResponse"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener"
    "type" => "->"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 220
    "function" => "__invoke"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\WrappedListener"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
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    "function" => "callListeners"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
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    "function" => "dispatch"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
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    "function" => "dispatch"
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  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
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    "function" => "filterResponse"
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Flashes

Flashes

No flash messages were created.

Server Parameters

Server Parameters

Defined in .env

Key Value
APP_ENV 
"dev"
APP_SECRET 
"0a988e63f011514eaabfc650b599af4d"
CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN 
"*"
DATABASE_URL 
"mysql://bbndb_rctuser:33F5W25z40or0f7@localhost:3306/rct_bbntimes"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAANxzTG8ZMfIjil1wu-1vrQvnUt-x"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAAENKcn73MJAhQrbtQeqgyC4wDLMP"
MAILER_DSN 
"smtp://no-reply%40rct.dev.bbntimes.com:Bl6%26gLD48%26Of919@rct.dev.bbntimes.com:465"
MARIADB_PASSWORD 
"i!87pK&!85ezc8"

Defined as regular env variables

Key Value
APP_DEBUG 
"1"
BASE 
"/public"
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
CONTEXT_PREFIX 
""
DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
FCGI_ROLE 
"RESPONDER"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE 
"CGI/1.1"
HTTPS 
"on"
HTTP_ACCEPT 
"*/*"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_CONNECTION 
"close"
HTTP_COOKIE 
"PHPSESSID=b5e1qci7rrtoltc189js8l5279"
HTTP_HOST 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PATH 
"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
PHP_SELF 
"/public/index.php"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_CGI_INDEX 
"plesk-php81-fastcgi"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_INI 
"/var/www/vhosts/system/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/etc/php.ini"
QUERY_STRING 
""
REDIRECT_BASE 
"/public"
REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/patents-and-competition-thomas-edison-xerox-bell-labs-medtronic"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/patents-and-competition-thomas-edison-xerox-bell-labs-medtronic"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"aDwzicKRU4EOIvXUbAxokgAAAIo"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/patents-and-competition-thomas-edison-xerox-bell-labs-medtronic"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/patents-and-competition-thomas-edison-xerox-bell-labs-medtronic"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"aDwzicKRU4EOIvXUbAxokgAAAIo"
REDIRECT_URL 
"/public/global-economy/patents-and-competition-thomas-edison-xerox-bell-labs-medtronic"
REMOTE_ADDR 
"216.73.216.183"
REMOTE_PORT 
"20657"
REQUEST_METHOD 
"GET"
REQUEST_SCHEME 
"https"
REQUEST_TIME 
1748775817
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT 
1748775817.8444
REQUEST_URI 
"/global-economy/patents-and-competition-thomas-edison-xerox-bell-labs-medtronic"
SCRIPT_FILENAME 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_NAME 
"/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/patents-and-competition-thomas-edison-xerox-bell-labs-medtronic"
SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/patents-and-competition-thomas-edison-xerox-bell-labs-medtronic"
SERVER_ADDR 
"5.196.1.209"
SERVER_ADMIN 
"[no address given]"
SERVER_NAME 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SERVER_PORT 
"443"
SERVER_PROTOCOL 
"HTTP/1.1"
SERVER_SIGNATURE 
"<address>Apache Server at rct.dev.bbntimes.com Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE 
"Apache"
SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SYMFONY_DOTENV_VARS 
"APP_ENV,APP_SECRET,DATABASE_URL,MARIADB_PASSWORD,CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN,MAILER_DSN,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY"
UNIQUE_ID 
"aDwzicKRU4EOIvXUbAxokgAAAIo"

Sub Requests 6

CookieController :: renderAnalysis (token = 35fff0)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderAnalysis"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"6f57f3"

AppController :: renderHeader (token = fba460)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderHeader"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"4a1b1f"
slug 
"home"

ArticleController :: trendingArticle (token = 4f27ed)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::trendingArticle"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"ee8c4f"
category 
"Global Economy"

ArticleController :: relatedArticles (token = 91d90e)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::relatedArticles"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"5bff91"
current_article 
App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 5825
  -title: "Patents and Competition: Thomas Edison, Xerox, Bell Labs, Medtronic"
  -slug: "patents-and-competition-thomas-edison-xerox-bell-labs-medtronic"
  -introtext: "<p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Patents are a tradeoff: they let an inventor escape direct competition, but only for a limited time and for a specific product, and in this way provide an incentive for innovation and--one hopes--heightened future competition.</span></p>\r\n"
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1"><span style="color: #000000;">But of course, there are prominent cases where firms focused on the ability of patents to limit competition. For example, I wrote last fall about</span>&nbsp;<a href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2019/11/the-return-of-patent-thicket.html"><span class="s2">"The Return of the Patent Thicket"</span></a>&nbsp;<span style="color: #000000;">(November 22, 2019), describing the historical example of how Xerox&nbsp; back in the 1960s and 1970s had taken out more than 1,000 patents on various aspects of the photocopy machine. By continually adding new patents as older patents expired, Xerox had made it essentially impossible for others to enter the market--until the antitrust authorities intervened,</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: #000000;">I was recently reminded&nbsp;of another attempt to use patents to block competition by</span>&nbsp;<a href="https://fee.org/articles/why-the-movie-industry-is-fleeing-california"><span class="s2">Jen Maffessanti in a short article about&nbsp; "Why the Movie Industry Is Fleeing California"</span></a>&nbsp;<span style="color: #000000;">(Foundation for Economic Education website, February 13, 2020). The main focus of the article is about why, in 2017, only 10 of Hollywood's top 100 movies were actually made (mostly) in California, and now more movies from Hollywood studios are (mostly) shot in the state of Georgia or in Canada. But along the way, she offers a reminder of when Thomas Edison tried to use his patent on movie technology to lock up monopoly control over the industry. She writes:</span></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Back at the end of the 19th century, motion pictures were a very new technology, and a handful of people held almost all of the patents related to the filming and screening of said films. Chief among them was Thomas Edison. ...&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Films at the tail-end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th century in America were made almost exclusively on the East Coast—New Jersey, mostly. Films were short, silent, and lacked much of the subtlety and nuance that modern moviegoers have come to expect from cinema. At the time, though, they were cutting-edge and incredibly popular.&nbsp;One could make a very good living running a show house or nickelodeon in any big city.&nbsp;Right up until December 1908, that is.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">That’s when Edison spearheaded the creation of the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC), generally referred to as the Edison Trust. It was comprised of the holders of all the significant patents related to the production and screening of motion pictures, including Biograph, Vitagraph, American Mutoscope, Kodak, and others.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Edison was widely known for having strong opinions about what kinds of movies should be made, how long they should be, who should be credited in them, and what it should cost to show them. With the control of the patents he himself owned combined with the collective clout of the other members, the MPPC ruled the movie-making industry with an iron fist. They sued those who didn’t comply with their dictates for patent infringement, refused to sell them equipment and film, and, occasionally, sent hired hooligans to wreck up movie sets or show houses.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">As Matthew Lasar explained some years back in "Thomas Edison’s plot to hijack the movie industry," Edison had previously engaged in lawfare to pressure others to sell patents related to movies to him.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">But the old man wanted it all, so he assembled his rivals and proposed that they join his Motion Picture Patents Company. It would function as a holding operation for the participants' collective patents—sixteen all told, covering projectors, cameras, and film stock. MPPC would issue licenses and collect royalties from movie producers, distributors, and exhibitors.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">To top it all off, MPPC convinced the Eastman Kodak company to refuse to sell raw film stock to anyone but Patent Company licensees, a move designed to shut French and German footage out of the country.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1"><span style="color: #000000;">Antitrust authorities did move to block Edison after a time. But long story short, a primary reason that the US movie industry ended up in Hollywood was that would-be film-makers and theater-owners were getting as far away from Thomas Edison as they could. For an overview of this and later antitrust issues involve movies, a useful starting pint is "</span><a href="http://www.law.nyu.edu/sites/default/files/ECM_PRO_060965.pdf"><span class="s2">Breaking the Studios: Antitrust and the Motion Picture Industry," by Alexandra Gil&nbsp;</span></a>(<span style="color: #000000;"><i>NYU Journal of Law and Liberty</i>&nbsp;2008).</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: #000000;">The attempts by Thomas Edison and Xerox to use patents as a way of creating broad and lasting monopolies has a broader implication. The ultimate goal of patents is to not to benefits innovators, but to benefit consumers: the benefits to innovators are just a mechanism for encouraging the inventions that will benefit consumers. Indeed, it used to be</span>&nbsp;<a href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2019/08/limits-for-corporate-bigness-on.html"><span class="s2">a fairly standard antitrust practice from the 1940s up through the 1970s to require that firms&nbsp; be required to offer a "compulsory license"</span></a><span style="color: #000000;">&nbsp;soo that others could use key patents, often with no royalty payments at all, as a way of encouraging competition.</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: #000000;">One of the most famous cases involved a 1956 consent decree signed by Bell Labs to put all of its patents in the public domain. A</span>&nbsp;<a href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2019/08/limits-for-corporate-bigness-on.html"><span class="s2">number of Silicon Valley old-timers were quick to say that the start of the semiconductor industry would not have been possible without those patents</span></a>&nbsp;<span style="color: #000000;">becoming available. For a recent discussion of this case, see</span> "<a href="https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/pol.20190086&amp;&amp;from=f"><span class="s2">How Antitrust Enforcement Can Spur Innovation: Bell Labs and the 1956 Consent Decree," by Martin Watzinger, Thomas A. Fackler, Markus Nagler, and Monika Schnitzer,</span></a>&nbsp;<span style="color: #000000;">which is forthcoming in the&nbsp;<i>American Economic Journal: Economic Policy</i>.</span><br /> <br /> <span style="color: #000000;">Medtronic, a leading maker of many kinds of medical equipment, offered another example yesterday. Medtronic makes ventilators, but yesterday it announced that</span>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.startribune.com/companies-study-medtonic-plans-in-race-to-bolster-ventilator-production/569328922/"><span class="s2">it is making available the complete blueprints for one of its popular ventilator products</span></a>, <span style="color: #000000;">so that others can see if they are in a good position to start making ventilators. My suspicion is that it's not just a good public relations move. If one assumes that lots of ventilators are going to be made and sold in the next few months, and Medtronic knows that it doesn't have the capacity to fill the rising demand, it will be to Medtronic's long-term benefit if many of the new ventilators follow Medtronic designs--and can benefit from Medtronic training and maintenance. Nonetheless, it's a nice example in which a company was able to see beyond the role of intellectual property as just a way of blocking immediate competition.</span></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1"><span style="color: #000000;">A version of this article first appeared on</span> <a href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2020/04/patents-and-competition-thomas-edison.html"><span class="s2">Conversable Economist</span></a>.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p>&nbsp;</p>
    """
  -user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1092 …}
  -createdAt: DateTime @1586187821 {#1145
    date: 2020-04-06 15:43:41.0 UTC (+00:00)
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  -updatedAt: DateTime @1586187920 {#1150
    date: 2020-04-06 15:45:20.0 UTC (+00:00)
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  -deletedAt: null
  -category: App\Entity\Category {#445 …}
  -status: "published"
  -imageCard: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -ImageHeader: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -featured: false
  -mainView: false
  -clicks: 2767
  -comments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1125 …}
  -reviewed_at: DateTime @1586187821 {#1148
    date: 2020-04-06 15:43:41.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -metakey: "patents and competition"
  -metadesc: "Patents are a tradeoff: they let an inventor escape direct competition, but only for a limited time and for a specific product, and in this way provide an incentive for innovation and--one hopes--heightened future competition."
  -robots: null
  -publishedAt: DateTime @1586187821 {#1147
    date: 2020-04-06 15:43:41.0 UTC (+00:00)
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  -canonical: null
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AppController :: renderFooter (token = f7067a)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderFooter"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"08317a"

CookieController :: renderCookie (token = 42861a)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderCookie"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"b0ea66"