GET https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/the-health-costs-of-global-air-pollution

Response
200 OK
IP
13.59.173.30
Profiled on
Token
17f5bb

ArticleController :: show

Request

GET Parameters

None

POST Parameters

None

Uploaded Files

None

Request Attributes

Key Value
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"App\Controller\ArticleController::show"
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"security.firewall.map.context.main"
_links 
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    3760 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3760
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"article_show"
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[
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]
_security_firewall_run 
"_security_main"
_stopwatch_token 
"9b6dd4"
category 
"global-economy"
slug 
"the-health-costs-of-global-air-pollution"

Request Headers

Header Value
accept 
"*/*"
accept-encoding 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
connection 
"close"
cookie 
"PHPSESSID=hdn17c4fud5d3bd2n2dkvri768"
host 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
user-agent 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
x-php-ob-level 
"1"

Request Content

Request content not available (it was retrieved as a resource).

Response

Response Headers

Header Value
cache-control 
"no-cache, private"
content-type 
"text/html; charset=UTF-8"
date 
"Wed, 16 Apr 2025 06:40:45 GMT"
link 
"</build/runtime.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/644.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/502.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/view-more.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/term-condition.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/contact.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/scroll-infinite-article.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/cookie-style.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/term-condition-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/contact-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/comment-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style""
x-debug-token 
"17f5bb"

Cookies

Request Cookies

Key Value
PHPSESSID 
"hdn17c4fud5d3bd2n2dkvri768"

Response Cookies

No response cookies

Session 6

Session Metadata

Key Value
Created 
"Wed, 16 Apr 25 06:40:13 +0000"
Last used 
"Wed, 16 Apr 25 06:40:43 +0000"
Lifetime 
0

Session Attributes

Attribute Value
_csrf/https-comment 
"V-SJXL1_n8_F-RmoXcmN-w8kNASNxSOfjgRI70MHC0w"
_csrf/https-cookie_accept 
"N8hK4q5APUAlOC7l_jUWLQLgus8qJI_-GLlijWI_KYg"

Session Usage

6 Usages
Stateless check enabled
Usage
Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:76
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:79
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:52
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:56
Show trace 
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    "function" => "handleRaw"
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    "function" => "run"
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    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
  ]
]
Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage:41
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-core/Authentication/Token/Storage/UsageTrackingTokenStorage.php"
    "line" => 41
    "function" => "getMetadataBag"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
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    "function" => "handleRaw"
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    "function" => "handle"
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    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
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  [
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    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
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]
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener:171
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-http/Firewall/ContextListener.php"
    "line" => 171
    "function" => "remove"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
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  ]
  [
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    "line" => 116
    "function" => "onKernelResponse"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 220
    "function" => "__invoke"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\WrappedListener"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
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    "function" => "callListeners"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
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    "function" => "dispatch"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
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  [
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    "function" => "filterResponse"
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]

Flashes

Flashes

No flash messages were created.

Server Parameters

Server Parameters

Defined in .env

Key Value
APP_ENV 
"dev"
APP_SECRET 
"0a988e63f011514eaabfc650b599af4d"
CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN 
"*"
DATABASE_URL 
"mysql://bbndb_rctuser:33F5W25z40or0f7@localhost:3306/rct_bbntimes"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAANxzTG8ZMfIjil1wu-1vrQvnUt-x"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAAENKcn73MJAhQrbtQeqgyC4wDLMP"
MAILER_DSN 
"smtp://no-reply%40rct.dev.bbntimes.com:Bl6%26gLD48%26Of919@rct.dev.bbntimes.com:465"
MARIADB_PASSWORD 
"i!87pK&!85ezc8"

Defined as regular env variables

Key Value
APP_DEBUG 
"1"
BASE 
"/public"
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
CONTEXT_PREFIX 
""
DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
FCGI_ROLE 
"RESPONDER"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE 
"CGI/1.1"
HTTPS 
"on"
HTTP_ACCEPT 
"*/*"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_CONNECTION 
"close"
HTTP_COOKIE 
"PHPSESSID=hdn17c4fud5d3bd2n2dkvri768"
HTTP_HOST 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PATH 
"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
PHP_SELF 
"/public/index.php"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_CGI_INDEX 
"plesk-php81-fastcgi"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_INI 
"/var/www/vhosts/system/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/etc/php.ini"
QUERY_STRING 
""
REDIRECT_BASE 
"/public"
REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/the-health-costs-of-global-air-pollution"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/the-health-costs-of-global-air-pollution"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z_9Q7HrHjgaoWy9jiBa9BAAAAMM"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/the-health-costs-of-global-air-pollution"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/the-health-costs-of-global-air-pollution"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z_9Q7HrHjgaoWy9jiBa9BAAAAMM"
REDIRECT_URL 
"/public/global-economy/the-health-costs-of-global-air-pollution"
REMOTE_ADDR 
"13.59.173.30"
REMOTE_PORT 
"3628"
REQUEST_METHOD 
"GET"
REQUEST_SCHEME 
"https"
REQUEST_TIME 
1744785644
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT 
1744785644.5938
REQUEST_URI 
"/global-economy/the-health-costs-of-global-air-pollution"
SCRIPT_FILENAME 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_NAME 
"/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/the-health-costs-of-global-air-pollution"
SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/the-health-costs-of-global-air-pollution"
SERVER_ADDR 
"5.196.1.209"
SERVER_ADMIN 
"[no address given]"
SERVER_NAME 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SERVER_PORT 
"443"
SERVER_PROTOCOL 
"HTTP/1.1"
SERVER_SIGNATURE 
"<address>Apache Server at rct.dev.bbntimes.com Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE 
"Apache"
SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SYMFONY_DOTENV_VARS 
"APP_ENV,APP_SECRET,DATABASE_URL,MARIADB_PASSWORD,CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN,MAILER_DSN,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY"
UNIQUE_ID 
"Z_9Q7HrHjgaoWy9jiBa9BAAAAMM"

Sub Requests 6

CookieController :: renderAnalysis (token = 669453)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderAnalysis"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"0684eb"

AppController :: renderHeader (token = 2f72b9)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderHeader"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"927b26"
slug 
"home"

ArticleController :: trendingArticle (token = 2ebf3a)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::trendingArticle"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"b3bd2c"
category 
"Global Economy"

ArticleController :: relatedArticles (token = 8b1cef)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::relatedArticles"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"ecdd81"
current_article 
App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 4968
  -title: "The Health Costs of Global Air Pollution"
  -slug: "the-health-costs-of-global-air-pollution"
  -introtext: "<p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">The&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://www.stateofglobalair.org/sites/default/files/soga_2019_report.pdf"><span class="s2"><i>State of Global Air 2019</i>&nbsp;report</span></a></span>&nbsp;notes:</span></p>\r\n"
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="s3">Air pollution (ambient PM</span><span class="s4"><sub>2.5</sub></span><span class="s3">, household, and ozone) is estimated to have contributed to about 4.9 million deaths (8.7% of all deaths globally) and 147 million years of healthy life lost (5.9% of all DALYs [disability-adjusted life years] globally) in 2017. The 10 countries with the highest mortality burden attributable to air pollution in 2017 were China (1.2 million), India (1.2 million), Pakistan (128,000), Indonesia (124,000), Bangladesh (123,000), Nigeria (114,000), the United States (108,000), Russia (99,000), Brazil (66,000), and the Philippines (64,000).&nbsp;</span></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s3" style="color: #000000;">Air pollution ranks fifth among global risk factors for mortality, exceeded only by behavioral and metabolic factors: poor diet, high blood pressure, tobacco exposure, and high blood sugar. It is the leading environmental risk factor, far surpassing other environmental risks that have often been the focus of public health measures in the past, such as unsafe water and lack of sanitation. ... Air pollution collectively reduced life expectancy by 1 year and 8 months on average worldwide, a global impact rivaling that of smoking. This means a child born today will die 20 months sooner, on average, than would be expected in the absence of air pollution.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p3"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="s3">The report is written by the&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://www.healtheffects.org/"><span class="s2">Health Effects Institute</span></a></span>, a Boston-based think tank, and the&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="http://www.healthdata.org/"><span class="s2">Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation</span></a></span>, an independent health research center based at the University of Washington. The report focuses on three aspects of air pollution, with occasional references to other measures: "fine particle pollution— airborne particulate matter measuring less than&nbsp;2.5 micrometers in aerodynamic diameter, commonly&nbsp;referred to as PM</span><span class="s4"><sub>2.5</sub></span><span class="s3">; ground-level (tropospheric) ozone; and household air pollution that arises when "people burn solid fuels (such as coal, wood, charcoal, dung, and other forms of biomass, like crop waste) to cook food and to heat and light their homes."</span></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s3" style="color: #000000;">Here's a map showing patterns of particulate pollution around the world. Clearly, the severity of this issue is worst in a band running from Africa across the Middle East to south and east Asia.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <div><img src="/images/Global_Air_Pollution.jpeg" alt="Global_Air_Pollution.jpeg" /></div>\r\n
    <div class="separator">&nbsp;</div>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">When it comes to ozone:</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Most ground-level ozone pollution is produced by human activities (for example, industrial processes and transportation) that emit&nbsp;chemical precursors (principally, volatile organic compounds and nitrogen oxides) to the atmosphere, where they react in the presence&nbsp;of sunlight to form ozone. Exposure to ground-level ozone increases&nbsp;a person’s likelihood of dying from respiratory disease, specifically&nbsp;chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. ...</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="s1">The pattern of ozone exposures by level of sociodemographic development differs markedly from the patterns seen with PM</span><span class="s2"><sub>2.5&nbsp;</sub></span><span class="s1">and household air pollution. The more developed regions, like North America, also continue to experience high ozone exposures in the world, despite extensive and successful air quality control for ozone-related emissions in many of these countries.</span></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">On the topic of household air pollution:</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">In 2017, 3.6 billion people (47% of the global population) were exposed to household air pollution from the use of solid fuels for cooking. These exposures were most common in sub-Saharan Africa, South Asia, and East Asia ...&nbsp;Figure 7 shows the 13 countries with populations over 50 million in which more than 10% of the population was exposed to household air pollution. Because these countries have such large populations, the number of people exposed can be substantial even if the proportion exposed is low. An estimated 846 million people in India (60% of the population) and 452 million people in China (32% of the population) were exposed to household air pollution in 2017. ...</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="s1">While the contribution of household air pollution to ambient air pollution varies by location and has not been calculated for most countries, one recent global estimate suggested that residential energy use, broadly defined, contributed approximately 21% of global ambient PM</span><span class="s2"><sub>2.5&nbsp;</sub></span><span class="s1">concentrations. Another study estimated that residential energy use contributed approximately 31% of global outdoor air pollution–related mortality. ...</span></span></p>\r\n
    <div><img src="/images/Millions_of_People.jpeg" alt="Millions_of_People.jpeg" /></div>\r\n
    <div>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">The world is making progress in some areas in reducing air pollution, like in China:</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="s1">A separate analysis of air&nbsp; quality and related health impacts in&nbsp; 74 Chinese cities recently found that annual average PM</span><span class="s2"><sub>2.5&nbsp;</sub></span><span class="s1">concentrations&nbsp; fell by one-third from 2013–2017, a&nbsp; significant achievement. The study&nbsp;also showed a 54% reduction in sulfur dioxide concentrations and a&nbsp; 28% drop in carbon monoxide.&nbsp;&nbsp;However, challenges remain. In 2017, ... approximately 852,000 deaths were attributable to PM</span><span class="s2"><sub>2.5&nbsp;</sub></span><span class="s1">exposures in China. Ozone&nbsp; exposures have also remained largely untouched&nbsp; by the actions taken in China to date, and the GBD [Global Burden of Disease] project attributed an additional&nbsp; 178,000 chronic respiratory disease–related&nbsp; deaths in China in 2017 to ozone.&nbsp;</span></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">In the US, steady progress has been made over several decades in reducing the "criteria" air pollutants--&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://www.epa.gov/air-trends/carbon-monoxide-trends"><span class="s3">Carbon Monoxide</span></a>;&nbsp;<a style="color: #808080;" href="https://www.epa.gov/air-trends/lead-trends"><span class="s3">Lead</span></a>;&nbsp;<a style="color: #808080;" href="https://www.epa.gov/air-trends/nitrogen-dioxide-trends"><span class="s3">Nitrogen Dioxide</span></a>;&nbsp;<a style="color: #808080;" href="https://www.epa.gov/air-trends/ozone-trends"><span class="s3">Ozone</span></a>;&nbsp;</span><a style="color: #000000;" href="https://www.epa.gov/air-trends/particulate-matter-pm10-trends"><span class="s3"><span style="color: #808080;">Particulate Matter (PM10</span>)</span></a>;&nbsp;<a style="color: #000000;" href="https://www.epa.gov/air-trends/particulate-matter-pm25-trends"><span class="s3"><span style="color: #808080;">Particulate Matter (PM2.5)</span></span></a>; and&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://www.epa.gov/air-trends/sulfur-dioxide-trends"><span class="s3">Sulfur Dioxide</span></a></span>--although there has been&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://www.nber.org/papers/w26381"><span class="s3">some backsliding in the last couple of years</span></a></span>.&nbsp;&nbsp;Or when it comes to household air pollution: "Globally, the proportion of households relying on solid fuels for cooking dropped from about 57% in 2005 to 47% in 2017."</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">But with progress duly noted, we're still talking about estimates of nearly 5 million deaths per year from air pollution, with over 100,000 of those deaths happening in the United States. Moreover, as the report notes: "Air pollution takes its greatest toll on people age 50 and older, who suffer the highest burden from noncommunicable air pollution–related diseases such as heart disease, stroke, lung cancer, diabetes,&nbsp;and COPD [Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease]." An aging society is going to experience greater health costs from pollution.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">It is perhaps worth noticing that none of the health care costs here are related to climate change, nor are these health costs of air pollution a few decades or a century into the future. However, it is often true that taking taking steps to reduce these conventional air pollutants will also have the effect of reducing carbon emissions. Instead of refighting the trench warfare of the climate change policy debates, over and over again, perhaps it would make sense to emphasize the value of steps to reduce these immediate health costs--and then just accept the benefits of fewer greenhouse gas emissions as a highly desirable side-benefit.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">A version of this article first appeared on <span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2019/10/the-health-costs-of-global-air-pollution.html"><span class="s3">Conversable Economist</span></a></span>.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    </div>\r\n
    <div>&nbsp;</div>
    """
  -user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1092 …}
  -createdAt: DateTime @1572013812 {#1145
    date: 2019-10-25 14:30:12.0 UTC (+00:00)
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  -updatedAt: DateTime @1622237363 {#1150
    date: 2021-05-28 21:29:23.0 UTC (+00:00)
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  -category: App\Entity\Category {#445 …}
  -status: "published"
  -imageCard: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -ImageHeader: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -featured: false
  -mainView: false
  -clicks: 5628
  -comments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1125 …}
  -reviewed_at: DateTime @1572013805 {#1148
    date: 2019-10-25 14:30:05.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -metakey: ""
  -metadesc: "The report is written by the\u{A0}Health Effects Institute, a Boston-based think tank, and the\u{A0}Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation, an independent health research center based at the University of Washington. "
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AppController :: renderFooter (token = c93b55)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderFooter"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"15868b"

CookieController :: renderCookie (token = a7d5aa)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderCookie"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"ecea1b"