GET https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/industry-concentration-is-it-rising-overall

Response
200 OK
IP
3.134.80.24
Profiled on
Token
1ba055

ArticleController :: show

Request

GET Parameters

None

POST Parameters

None

Uploaded Files

None

Request Attributes

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::show"
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_links 
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"article_show"
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_security_firewall_run 
"_security_main"
_stopwatch_token 
"acfb3c"
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"global-economy"
slug 
"industry-concentration-is-it-rising-overall"

Request Headers

Header Value
accept 
"*/*"
accept-encoding 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
connection 
"close"
cookie 
"PHPSESSID=uc7nnfeeqvtci5pgdba11hbl0r; handl_landing_page=https%3A%2F%2Fabmcollege.com%2Fblog%2Fdental-office-administrators-top-5-career-options; handl_ip=3.134.80.24; handl_url_base=https%3A%2F%2Fabmcollege.com%2Fblog%2Fdental-office-administrators-top-5-career-options; handl_url=https%3A%2F%2Fabmcollege.com%2Fblog%2Fdental-office-administrators-top-5-career-options; HandLtestDomainNameServer=HandLtestDomainValueServer; user_agent=Mozilla%2F5.0%20AppleWebKit%2F537.36%20%28KHTML%2C%20like%20Gecko%3B%20compatible%3B%20ClaudeBot%2F1.0%3B%20%2Bclaudebot%40anthropic.com%29; care_did=4819aee1-d62b-490b-8696-f61834c4e57a"
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x-php-ob-level 
"1"

Request Content

Request content not available (it was retrieved as a resource).

Response

Response Headers

Header Value
cache-control 
"no-cache, private"
content-type 
"text/html; charset=UTF-8"
date 
"Sat, 22 Feb 2025 08:28:39 GMT"
link 
"</build/runtime.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/644.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/502.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/view-more.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/term-condition.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/contact.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/scroll-infinite-article.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/cookie-style.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/term-condition-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/contact-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/comment-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style""
x-debug-token 
"1ba055"

Cookies

Request Cookies

Key Value
HandLtestDomainNameServer 
"HandLtestDomainValueServer"
PHPSESSID 
"uc7nnfeeqvtci5pgdba11hbl0r"
care_did 
"4819aee1-d62b-490b-8696-f61834c4e57a"
handl_ip 
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handl_landing_page 
"https://abmcollege.com/blog/dental-office-administrators-top-5-career-options"
handl_url 
"https://abmcollege.com/blog/dental-office-administrators-top-5-career-options"
handl_url_base 
"https://abmcollege.com/blog/dental-office-administrators-top-5-career-options"
user_agent 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"

Response Cookies

No response cookies

Session 6

Session Metadata

Key Value
Created 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 08:28:05 +0000"
Last used 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 08:28:38 +0000"
Lifetime 
0

Session Attributes

Attribute Value
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_csrf/https-cookie_accept 
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Session Usage

6 Usages
Stateless check enabled
Usage
Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:76
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:79
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:52
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:56
Show trace 
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    "function" => "run"
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    "function" => "require_once"
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]
Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage:41
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-core/Authentication/Token/Storage/UsageTrackingTokenStorage.php"
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    "function" => "getMetadataBag"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
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    "function" => "run"
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    ]
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]
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener:171
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-http/Firewall/ContextListener.php"
    "line" => 171
    "function" => "remove"
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    "function" => "onKernelResponse"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener"
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    "function" => "__invoke"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\WrappedListener"
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Flashes

Flashes

No flash messages were created.

Server Parameters

Server Parameters

Defined in .env

Key Value
APP_ENV 
"dev"
APP_SECRET 
"0a988e63f011514eaabfc650b599af4d"
CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN 
"*"
DATABASE_URL 
"mysql://bbndb_rctuser:33F5W25z40or0f7@localhost:3306/rct_bbntimes"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAANxzTG8ZMfIjil1wu-1vrQvnUt-x"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAAENKcn73MJAhQrbtQeqgyC4wDLMP"
MAILER_DSN 
"smtp://no-reply%40rct.dev.bbntimes.com:Bl6%26gLD48%26Of919@rct.dev.bbntimes.com:465"
MARIADB_PASSWORD 
"i!87pK&!85ezc8"

Defined as regular env variables

Key Value
APP_DEBUG 
"1"
BASE 
"/public"
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
CONTEXT_PREFIX 
""
DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
FCGI_ROLE 
"RESPONDER"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE 
"CGI/1.1"
HTTPS 
"on"
HTTP_ACCEPT 
"*/*"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_CONNECTION 
"close"
HTTP_COOKIE 
"PHPSESSID=uc7nnfeeqvtci5pgdba11hbl0r; handl_landing_page=https%3A%2F%2Fabmcollege.com%2Fblog%2Fdental-office-administrators-top-5-career-options; handl_ip=3.134.80.24; handl_url_base=https%3A%2F%2Fabmcollege.com%2Fblog%2Fdental-office-administrators-top-5-career-options; handl_url=https%3A%2F%2Fabmcollege.com%2Fblog%2Fdental-office-administrators-top-5-career-options; HandLtestDomainNameServer=HandLtestDomainValueServer; user_agent=Mozilla%2F5.0%20AppleWebKit%2F537.36%20%28KHTML%2C%20like%20Gecko%3B%20compatible%3B%20ClaudeBot%2F1.0%3B%20%2Bclaudebot%40anthropic.com%29; care_did=4819aee1-d62b-490b-8696-f61834c4e57a"
HTTP_HOST 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PATH 
"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
PHP_SELF 
"/public/index.php"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_CGI_INDEX 
"plesk-php81-fastcgi"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_INI 
"/var/www/vhosts/system/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/etc/php.ini"
QUERY_STRING 
""
REDIRECT_BASE 
"/public"
REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/industry-concentration-is-it-rising-overall"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/industry-concentration-is-it-rising-overall"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_STATUS 
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App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 8922
  -title: "Industry Concentration: Is It Rising Overall?"
  -slug: "industry-concentration-is-it-rising-overall"
  -introtext: "<p><span style="color: #000000;">One of the simplest ways to measure the degree of competition in an industry is the “four-firm concentration ratio.”</span></p>\r\n"
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;"> Take the market share of the four largest firms in the industry. Add them up. You’ve done it! For example, an industry where the biggest four firms each have 10% of the market would have a four-firm concentration of 40 percent. As a very rough rule of thumb, a four-firm ratio above 80 percent is commonly considered to be “high,” while a four-firm ratio of 50 to 80 percent is medium, and a ratio below 50 percent would be considered “low.”</span></p>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">Of course, one can immediately raise a number of concerns with this simple measure, which is why economists often use either a slightly more complex formula called</span>&nbsp;<a href="global-economy/the-herfindahl-hirschman-index-story-primer-alternatives" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the Herfindahl-Hirschman Index</a>, <span style="color: #000000;">or instead just skip past these overall measures of industry concentration and instead work with more detailed models of individual markets. In addition, when talking about industry concentration, a key question is always how one defines the relevant market. For example, does the measure of industry concentration look only at US firms, or also at imports? Is the measure of industry concentration looking at market share across the entire country, or at market shares within certain regions: for example, if there are only three or four big supermarkets chains near where I live, it’s may not matter much for practical competition that there are also completely different big supermarket chains in other regions.</span></p>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">The economic field of industrial organization spends a substantial chunk of its mental energy trying to think through alternative measures of concentration in a variety of contexts. Here, I want to make a simpler point. If there is a large and widespread increase in industry concentration in the US economy, it should presumably show up even in a relatively crude measure like the four-firm concentration index.</span></p>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">Every five years the US Census Bureau does an “economic census,” which is a census of firms in the economy. The&nbsp;</span><a href="https://www.census.gov/programs-surveys/economic-census.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">most recent economic census was done in 2017</a>, <span style="color: #000000;">and the results are being released over time as they are tabulated. In December 2020, detailed data on four-firm concentration ratios by industry was released.&nbsp;</span><a href="https://itif.org/publications/2021/06/07/no-monopoly-has-not-grown">Robert D. Atkinson and Filipe Lage de Sousa summarize the results in “No, Monopoly Has Not Grown”&nbsp;</a>(<span style="color: #000000;">Information Technology &amp; Innovation Foundation, often known as ITIF, June 7, 2021)</span></p>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">To understand the specific measure being used here, you need to know that the Economic Census classifies firms according to what is called the</span>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.census.gov/naics/">NAICS, which stands for North American Industry Classification System</a>. <span style="color: #000000;">The NAICS starts off by classifying industries into big categories, which are then subdivided into smaller group, and then subdivided again, and again, and again. The biggest categories are called “two-digit”–for example, manufacturing categories all start with a 31, 32, or 33. The three-digit category 335 is “Electrical Equipment, Appliance, and Component Manufacturing.” The four-digit category 3352 is “Household Appliance Manufacturing.” And continuing down the chain, 33510 is “Small Appliance Manufacturing” while 33520 is “Major Household Appliance Manufacturing.”</span></p>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">Obviously, when looking at the extent of competition in an industry, it makes sense to look at the greatest possible level of detail. Not all two-digit manufacturing firms will compete against each other. But “Small Appliance Manufacturing” firms are likely to have similar product line–or the ability to shift easily into similar product lines when it seems profitable to do so. The NAICS divides the US economy into 850 six-digit categories. Thus, a logical question when asking about industry concentration is to look at the extent of concentration and shifts in concentration across these 850 categories.</span></p>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">Here’s the overall breakdown from the ITIF report on level of concentration in 2017 as measured by the four-firm ratio:</span></p>\r\n
    <p><img src="/images/Industry_Concentration.jpeg" alt="Industry_Concentration.jpeg" width="601" height="378" /></p>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">One can then compare this level of concentration with the level found in the 2002 Economic Census. Here’s are some results of such a comparison from the ITIF report:</span></p>\r\n
    <ul>\r\n
    <li><span style="color: #000000;">Despite widespread claims of widespread monopolization, just 4 percent of U.S. industries are highly concentrated, and the share of industries with low levels of concentration grew by around 25 percent from 2002 to 2017.</span></li>\r\n
    <li><span style="color: #000000;">Overall, Census data show U.S. industries have not become more concentrated: The average C4 ratio (the share of sales that the top four firms capture in an industry) increased just 1 percentage point from 2002 to 2017.</span></li>\r\n
    <li><span style="color: #000000;">The more concentrated industries were in 2002, the more likely they were to become less concentrated by 2017.</span></li>\r\n
    <li><span style="color: #000000;">Prices rose less in industries with higher levels of concentration than they did in the overall economy from 2002 to 2017.</span></li>\r\n
    <li><span style="color: #000000;">There was no relationship between industry concentration and profitability in that period.</span></li>\r\n
    </ul>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">I am of course aware that the message of this report runs counter to a wave of claims that there has been a large wave of increased concentration of industry in the United States. But as I</span>&nbsp;<a href="https://conversableeconomist.wpcomstaging.com/2018/03/15/the-skeptical-view-in-favor-of-an-antitrust-push/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">have pointed out in the past</a>, <span style="color: #000000;">these claims about a a meaningful overall increase in industry concentration have been open to question. When you look more closely, it often turns out that the increase in concentration is that the share of the biggest four firms as measured at the six-digit NAICS level rose from, say, 20% to 25%, which is not likely to bring about a meaningful decrease in the extent of competition.</span></p>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">Pointing out specific concerns about lack of competition in certain industries or the growth of certain firms–say,</span>&nbsp;<a href="global-economy/the-case-for-more-activist-antitrust-policy" target="_blank" rel="noopener">antitrust issues raised by some of the big tech companies</a><span style="color: #000000;">–does not prove that there has been an overall decrease in competition for the economy as a whole. The overall lesson here, perhaps, is to focus attention on specific companies and industries that raise concerns about lack of competition, but to be quite cautious about overall claims that competition has increased more broadly in all sectors.</span></p>
    """
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