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Response
200 OK
IP
3.145.156.35
Profiled on
Token
379e44

ArticleController :: show

Request

GET Parameters

None

POST Parameters

None

Uploaded Files

None

Request Attributes

Key Value
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accept 
"*/*"
accept-encoding 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
connection 
"close"
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x-php-ob-level 
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Request Content

Request content not available (it was retrieved as a resource).

Response

Response Headers

Header Value
cache-control 
"no-cache, private"
content-type 
"text/html; charset=UTF-8"
date 
"Sat, 22 Feb 2025 08:34:18 GMT"
link 
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x-debug-token 
"379e44"

Cookies

Request Cookies

Key Value
HandLtestDomainNameServer 
"HandLtestDomainValueServer"
PHPSESSID 
"sbls2ctbc1uhrq2e6d1ach4ba9"
handl_ip 
"3.145.156.35"
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handl_url_base 
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user_agent 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"

Response Cookies

No response cookies

Session 6

Session Metadata

Key Value
Created 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 08:33:53 +0000"
Last used 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 08:34:17 +0000"
Lifetime 
0

Session Attributes

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6 Usages
Stateless check enabled
Usage
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:79
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:52
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:56
Show trace 
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    "function" => "finishView"
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    "function" => "createView"
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    "function" => "show"
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    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
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    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
    "type" => "->"
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      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
  ]
]
Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage:41
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-core/Authentication/Token/Storage/UsageTrackingTokenStorage.php"
    "line" => 41
    "function" => "getMetadataBag"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/twig-bridge/AppVariable.php"
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    "function" => "getToken"
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    "function" => "twig_get_attribute"
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    "class" => "App\Controller\ArticleController"
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    "function" => "handleRaw"
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    "type" => "->"
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    "function" => "handle"
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    "function" => "handle"
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    "function" => "run"
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    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
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]
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener:171
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-http/Firewall/ContextListener.php"
    "line" => 171
    "function" => "remove"
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    "type" => "->"
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  [
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    "line" => 116
    "function" => "onKernelResponse"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener"
    "type" => "->"
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    "line" => 220
    "function" => "__invoke"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\WrappedListener"
    "type" => "->"
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    "function" => "callListeners"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
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Flashes

Flashes

No flash messages were created.

Server Parameters

Server Parameters

Defined in .env

Key Value
APP_ENV 
"dev"
APP_SECRET 
"0a988e63f011514eaabfc650b599af4d"
CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN 
"*"
DATABASE_URL 
"mysql://bbndb_rctuser:33F5W25z40or0f7@localhost:3306/rct_bbntimes"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAANxzTG8ZMfIjil1wu-1vrQvnUt-x"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAAENKcn73MJAhQrbtQeqgyC4wDLMP"
MAILER_DSN 
"smtp://no-reply%40rct.dev.bbntimes.com:Bl6%26gLD48%26Of919@rct.dev.bbntimes.com:465"
MARIADB_PASSWORD 
"i!87pK&!85ezc8"

Defined as regular env variables

Key Value
APP_DEBUG 
"1"
BASE 
"/public"
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
CONTEXT_PREFIX 
""
DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
FCGI_ROLE 
"RESPONDER"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE 
"CGI/1.1"
HTTPS 
"on"
HTTP_ACCEPT 
"*/*"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_CONNECTION 
"close"
HTTP_COOKIE 
"user_agent=Mozilla%2F5.0%20AppleWebKit%2F537.36%20%28KHTML%2C%20like%20Gecko%3B%20compatible%3B%20ClaudeBot%2F1.0%3B%20%2Bclaudebot%40anthropic.com%29; HandLtestDomainNameServer=HandLtestDomainValueServer; handl_url_base=https%3A%2F%2Fsprutcam.com%2Fhu%2Fwp-json%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories%2F3522; handl_landing_page=https%3A%2F%2Fsprutcam.com%2Fhu%2Fwp-json%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories%2F3522; handl_ip=3.145.156.35; handl_url=https%3A%2F%2Fsprutcam.com%2Fhu%2Fwp-json%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories%2F3522; PHPSESSID=sbls2ctbc1uhrq2e6d1ach4ba9"
HTTP_HOST 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PATH 
"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
PHP_SELF 
"/public/index.php"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_CGI_INDEX 
"plesk-php81-fastcgi"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_INI 
"/var/www/vhosts/system/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/etc/php.ini"
QUERY_STRING 
""
REDIRECT_BASE 
"/public"
REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/is-the-us-economy-having-an-engels-pause"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/is-the-us-economy-having-an-engels-pause"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_STATUS 
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App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 4704
  -title: "Is the US Economy Having an Engels' Pause?"
  -slug: "is-the-us-economy-having-an-engels-pause"
  -introtext: "<p><span style="color: #000000;">Consider a time period of several decades when there is a high level of technological progress, but typical wage levels remain stagnant while profits soar, driving a sharp rise in inequality. In broad-brush terms, this description fits the US economy for the last few decades. But it also fits the economy of the United Kingdom during the first wave of the Industrial Revolution in the first half of the 19th century.</span></p>\r\n"
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    <p><span style="color: #000000;">Economic historian Robert C. Allen calls this the "Engels' pause," because Friedrich Engels, writing in books like&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/download/pdf/condition-working-class-england.pdf">The Condition of the Working Class in England in 1844</a></span>, described this confluence of economic patterns. Allen laid out the argument about 10 years ago in "Engels’ pause: Technical change, capital accumulation, and inequality in the British industrial revolution," published in&nbsp;Explorations in Economic History&nbsp;(2009, 46: pp. 418–435).</span><br /><br /><span style="color: #000000;">Allen summarizes his argument about the arrival and then the departure of the Engels' pause in this way:&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #000000;">According to the Crafts-Harley estimates of British GDP, output per worker rose by 46% between 1780 and 1840. Over the same period, Feinstein’s real wage index rose by only 12%. It was only a slight exaggeration to say that the average real wage was constant, and it certainly rose much less than output per worker.&nbsp;This was the period, and the circumstances, described by Engels in&nbsp;The Condition of the Working Class. In the next 60 years,&nbsp;however, the situation changed. Between 1840 and 1900, output per worker increased by 90% and the real wage by 123%. This was the ‘modern’ pattern in which labour productivity and wages advance at roughly the same rate, and it emerged in&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #000000;">Britain around the time Engels wrote his famous book.</span></p>\r\n
    <p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #000000;">The key question is: why did the British economy go through this two phase trajectory of development? ... Between 1760 and 1800, the real wage grew slowly (0.39% per annum) but so did output per worker (0.26%), capital per worker, and total factor productivity (0.19%). Between 1800 and 1830, the famous inventions of the industrial revolution came on stream and raised aggregate TFP growth to 0.69% per year. This technology shock pushed up growth in output per worker to 0.63% pa but had little impact&nbsp;on capital accumulation or the real wage, which remained constant. This was the heart of Engels’ Pause ... In the next 30 years 1830–1860, TFP growth increased to almost one percent per annum, capital per worker began to grow, and the growth in output per worker&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #000000;">rose to 1.12% pa. The real wage finally began to grow (0.86% pa) but still lagged behind output per worker with most of the&nbsp;shortfall in the beginning of the period. From 1860 to 1900, productivity, capital per worker, and output per worker continued&nbsp; to grow as they had in 1830–1860. In this period, the&nbsp; real wage grew slightly faster than output per worker (1.61% pa&nbsp;versus 1.03%). The ‘modern’ pattern was established.</span></p>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">In short, technological growth first led to a period where wages did not keep up with economic growth, and then to a period where wages rose faster than economic growth.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;"><a style="color: #000000;" href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RAlfcC9TpPk/XXvDVGw4LlI/AAAAAAAAJ6U/sTMcjoRKeZ4tk1cRlSSmptYAxW6MVsZ_wCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/allen%2B1.jpg"><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-RAlfcC9TpPk/XXvDVGw4LlI/AAAAAAAAJ6U/sTMcjoRKeZ4tk1cRlSSmptYAxW6MVsZ_wCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/allen%2B1.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="301" border="0" data-original-height="421" data-original-width="557" /></a></span></div>\r\n
    <div><br /><span style="color: #000000;">Of course, historical parallels are never perfect. The prominent inventions of the first half of the late 18th and early 19th century--mechanical spinning, coke smelting, iron puddling, the power loom, the railroad, and the application of steam power--did not have an identical interaction with labor markets and workers as the rise of modern technologies like information technology, materials science, genetics research, and others.&nbsp;</span></div>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;"></span></div>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;">In addition, historical parallels do not dictate what the appropriate policy response should be.&nbsp;</span></div>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;">As one example, the kinds of active labor market policies available to governments in the 21st century (for discussion, see&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2019/02/building-connections-with-active-labor.html">here</a></span>,&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2016/11/active-labor-market-policies-time-for.html">here</a></span>, and&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2016/12/improving-how-job-markets-function.html">here</a></span>) are quite different from the United Kingdom in the 19th century. The problems of modern middle-income workers in high-income countries are obviously not the same as the problems of UK workers in 1840.&nbsp;</span></div>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;"></span></div>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;">Also, modern economic historians argue over whether UK wages were really not rising much in the early 1900s, and current economist argue over the extent to which increases technology and variety suggest that the standard of living of typical modern workers is growing by more than their pay-checks might suggest.&nbsp;</span></div>\r\n
    <div><br /><span style="color: #000000;">But historical parallels are nonetheless interesting.&nbsp;But it's interesting that the original Engels' pause led to calls for socialism, and that&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2019/05/why-call-it-socialism.html">socialism as a broad idea</a></span>, if&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-scandinavian-style-of-capitalism.html">not necessarily a well-defined policy program</a>,</span> has re-entered the public discussion today. Historical parallels offer a reminder that when sustained shifts in an economy occur over several decades--a rise in inequality, wages rising more slowly than output, sustained high profit levels--the causes are more likely to involve shifts in economic output and organization driven by underlying factors like technology or demographics, not by factors like selfishness, conspiracies, or malevolence (whose prevalence does not shift as much, and are always with us). Finally, the theory of the Engels' pause suggests that underlying economic forces can drive patterns rising inequality, high profits, and stagnant wages can persist for decades, but nonetheless can have a momentum that leads to their eventual reversal, although my crystal ball is not telling me when or&nbsp; how that will happen.&nbsp;</span></div>\r\n
    <div>&nbsp;</div>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;">A version of this article first appeared <span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2019/09/is-us-economy-having-engels-pause.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">here</a></span>.&nbsp;</span></div>
    """
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