GET https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/financial/putting-monetary-values-on-health-costs-of-coronavirus

Response
200 OK
IP
3.144.84.174
Profiled on
Token
3c1bd6

ArticleController :: show

Request

GET Parameters

None

POST Parameters

None

Uploaded Files

None

Request Attributes

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::show"
_firewall_context 
"security.firewall.map.context.main"
_links 
Symfony\Component\WebLink\GenericLinkProvider {#3642
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      -href: "/build/runtime.js"
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      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3761 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3761
      -href: "/build/644.js"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
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    }
    3760 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3760
      -href: "/build/502.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3759 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3759
      -href: "/build/app.js"
      -rel: [
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      -attributes: [
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      ]
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      -href: "/build/view-more.js"
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      -attributes: [
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    }
    3757 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3757
      -href: "/build/term-condition.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3756 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3756
      -href: "/build/contact.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3755 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3755
      -href: "/build/scroll-infinite-article.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3754 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3754
      -href: "/build/app.css"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
    }
    3753 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3753
      -href: "/build/cookie-style.css"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
    }
    3752 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3752
      -href: "/build/term-condition-css.css"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
    }
    3751 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3751
      -href: "/build/contact-css.css"
      -rel: [
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      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3750 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3750
      -href: "/build/comment-css.css"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
    }
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}
_route 
"article_show"
_route_params 
[
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  "slug" => "putting-monetary-values-on-health-costs-of-coronavirus"
]
_security_firewall_run 
"_security_main"
_stopwatch_token 
"c824b3"
category 
"financial"
slug 
"putting-monetary-values-on-health-costs-of-coronavirus"

Request Headers

Header Value
accept 
"*/*"
accept-encoding 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
connection 
"close"
cookie 
"PHPSESSID=vc2nqn2lm0c5ntcj1uah6t3p64"
host 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
user-agent 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
x-php-ob-level 
"1"

Request Content

Request content not available (it was retrieved as a resource).

Response

Response Headers

Header Value
cache-control 
"no-cache, private"
content-type 
"text/html; charset=UTF-8"
date 
"Sat, 22 Feb 2025 13:42:50 GMT"
link 
"</build/runtime.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/644.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/502.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/view-more.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/term-condition.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/contact.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/scroll-infinite-article.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/cookie-style.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/term-condition-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/contact-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/comment-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style""
x-debug-token 
"3c1bd6"

Cookies

Request Cookies

Key Value
PHPSESSID 
"vc2nqn2lm0c5ntcj1uah6t3p64"

Response Cookies

No response cookies

Session 6

Session Metadata

Key Value
Created 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 13:42:40 +0000"
Last used 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 13:42:48 +0000"
Lifetime 
0

Session Attributes

Attribute Value
_csrf/https-comment 
"4A7E4Yai2eRXcI3L-qcdXa6lgLCxd6d52iFMF8R3hbc"
_csrf/https-cookie_accept 
"7uRdDaBDrgkKeHCYbmE0q6BHffl64STt4Lw1cN3lrpE"

Session Usage

6 Usages
Stateless check enabled
Usage
Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:76
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:79
Show trace 
[
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:52
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:56
Show trace 
[
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    "line" => 181
    "function" => "show"
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    "function" => "run"
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    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
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]
Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage:41
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-core/Authentication/Token/Storage/UsageTrackingTokenStorage.php"
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    "function" => "getMetadataBag"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
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    "function" => "run"
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]
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener:171
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-http/Firewall/ContextListener.php"
    "line" => 171
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    "function" => "onKernelResponse"
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    "function" => "__invoke"
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Flashes

Flashes

No flash messages were created.

Server Parameters

Server Parameters

Defined in .env

Key Value
APP_ENV 
"dev"
APP_SECRET 
"0a988e63f011514eaabfc650b599af4d"
CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN 
"*"
DATABASE_URL 
"mysql://bbndb_rctuser:33F5W25z40or0f7@localhost:3306/rct_bbntimes"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAANxzTG8ZMfIjil1wu-1vrQvnUt-x"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAAENKcn73MJAhQrbtQeqgyC4wDLMP"
MAILER_DSN 
"smtp://no-reply%40rct.dev.bbntimes.com:Bl6%26gLD48%26Of919@rct.dev.bbntimes.com:465"
MARIADB_PASSWORD 
"i!87pK&!85ezc8"

Defined as regular env variables

Key Value
APP_DEBUG 
"1"
BASE 
"/public"
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
CONTEXT_PREFIX 
""
DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
FCGI_ROLE 
"RESPONDER"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE 
"CGI/1.1"
HTTPS 
"on"
HTTP_ACCEPT 
"*/*"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_CONNECTION 
"close"
HTTP_COOKIE 
"PHPSESSID=vc2nqn2lm0c5ntcj1uah6t3p64"
HTTP_HOST 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PATH 
"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
PHP_SELF 
"/public/index.php"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_CGI_INDEX 
"plesk-php81-fastcgi"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_INI 
"/var/www/vhosts/system/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/etc/php.ini"
QUERY_STRING 
""
REDIRECT_BASE 
"/public"
REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/financial/putting-monetary-values-on-health-costs-of-coronavirus"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/financial/putting-monetary-values-on-health-costs-of-coronavirus"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nUWJDyWLT8YV1VjBpaFQAAAIw"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/financial/putting-monetary-values-on-health-costs-of-coronavirus"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/financial/putting-monetary-values-on-health-costs-of-coronavirus"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nUWJDyWLT8YV1VjBpaFQAAAIw"
REDIRECT_URL 
"/public/financial/putting-monetary-values-on-health-costs-of-coronavirus"
REMOTE_ADDR 
"3.144.84.174"
REMOTE_PORT 
"27988"
REQUEST_METHOD 
"GET"
REQUEST_SCHEME 
"https"
REQUEST_TIME 
1740231768
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT 
1740231768.9543
REQUEST_URI 
"/financial/putting-monetary-values-on-health-costs-of-coronavirus"
SCRIPT_FILENAME 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_NAME 
"/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/financial/putting-monetary-values-on-health-costs-of-coronavirus"
SCRIPT_URL 
"/financial/putting-monetary-values-on-health-costs-of-coronavirus"
SERVER_ADDR 
"5.196.1.209"
SERVER_ADMIN 
"[no address given]"
SERVER_NAME 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SERVER_PORT 
"443"
SERVER_PROTOCOL 
"HTTP/1.1"
SERVER_SIGNATURE 
"<address>Apache Server at rct.dev.bbntimes.com Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE 
"Apache"
SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SYMFONY_DOTENV_VARS 
"APP_ENV,APP_SECRET,DATABASE_URL,MARIADB_PASSWORD,CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN,MAILER_DSN,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY"
UNIQUE_ID 
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Sub Requests 6

CookieController :: renderAnalysis (token = f7b593)

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"App\Controller\CookieController::renderAnalysis"
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AppController :: renderHeader (token = 4c33a4)

Key Value
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"App\Controller\AppController::renderHeader"
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ArticleController :: trendingArticle (token = c9abf5)

Key Value
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"App\Controller\ArticleController::trendingArticle"
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"html"
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"en"
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"738ebd"
category 
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ArticleController :: relatedArticles (token = 709c03)

Key Value
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"App\Controller\ArticleController::relatedArticles"
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"html"
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"en"
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current_article 
App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 8163
  -title: "Putting Monetary Values on Health Costs of Coronavirus"
  -slug: "putting-monetary-values-on-health-costs-of-coronavirus"
  -introtext: "<p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">W. Kip Viscusi delivered the Presidential Address at the (virtual) Southern Economic Association meetings last November on the subject "Economic Lessons for Coronavirus Risk Policies." </span></p>\r\n"
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">The paper is forthcoming in the&nbsp;<i>Southern Economic Journal</i>; for now, it's available at<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3773742"><span class="s2">&nbsp;the SSRN website a Vanderbilt University Law School Working Paper (Number 21-04, January 21, 2021</span></a></span>).&nbsp;<br /> <br /> Viscusi is known for, as he says early in the paper, attempting to "strike a meaningful balance between risk and costs," even though "[e]conomic analyses in these domains are sometimes challenging and necessarily involve treading on controversial terrain.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Thus, his analysis starts with standard estimates for the "value of a statistical life" of $11 million. The idea of a VSL is discussed<span style="color: #808080;">&nbsp;<a style="color: #808080;" href="https://www.blogger.com/#"><span class="s2">here</span></a></span>&nbsp;and&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://www.blogger.com/#"><span class="s2">here</span></a></span>.&nbsp; But the key point to understand is that the number is built on actual&nbsp; real-world choices about risk, like how much more do people get paid for a riskier job, or what safety requirements for a car or a consumer product are judged to be "acceptable" or "too expensive." For example, say the government proposes a regulation that costs $110 million, but it is projected to reduce risks in a way that saves 11 lives in a city of 1.1 million people. That decision is implicitly saying that it's worthwhile for government to spend of $10 million per life saved. This reduction in risk is referred to as a "statistical" life saved. Using the standard measure of $11 million, mortality costs alone for COVID-19 in the US were $3.9 trillion through December 2020.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">It's a little harder to use these same statistical methods to measure morbidity, rather than mortality, because morbidity covers everything from feeling crappy for a few days to a long and life-threatening hospital stay. But Viscusi uses some studies based, for example,&nbsp; on what people are willing to spend to avoid&nbsp;hospitalization, and argues that the health costs of morbidity&nbsp;may add 40-50% to costs of mortality.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">As one more health-related cost, Viscusi has long argued that at some high level of lost income (or high costs), the reactions to those lower income levels will also raise the risks of death, and he cites some of his own recent work to this effect:&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">[A]&nbsp;loss in income of just over $100 million will lead to one expected death ...&nbsp; This relationship highlights the important link between the performance of the economy and&nbsp;individual health. Shutting down economic activity to limit the pandemic has adverse health&nbsp;consequences in addition to the favorable reduction in risk due to increased social contacts. Income transfers such as unemployment compensation consequently serve a health-related&nbsp;function in dampening these losses.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Again, the value of a statistical life studies depend are not based on a social or political judgement about fairness or equity: they are based on empirical studies of what people are actually willing to pay to reduce certain risks (or what compensation they need to receive for taking on those risks). Thus, the calculations lead to Viscusi "treading on controversial terrain," as he puts it.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">For example, it is generally true that those with lower-incomes will need less compensation for taking on risk. He writes:&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">There are strong income-related dependencies of the VSL. Many estimates of the income elasticity of the U.S. VSL are in the range of 0.6, and some available estimates are in excess of 1.0. Proper application of these income-related variations in the VSL would reduce the VSL applied to the poor. Many of those most affected by COVID-19 have below average income levels, including essential workers in grocery stores and other retail establishments, as well as those engaged in the production and delivery of food. Similarly, people whose jobs do not permit them to work at home and who must rely on public transit for their commute also are subject to considerable COVID-19 risks. Policies that protect their lives would be less highly valued if there were income adjustments. Given the strong&nbsp;</span><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">societal interest in maintaining the efforts of such individuals, it is unlikely that there would be&nbsp;support for applying a lower value to their lives, which in turn would lead to less policy&nbsp;emphasis on protecting their well-being.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Similarly, the value of a statistical life studies tend to find an inverse U-shape with age. Here's an illustrative figure from Viscusi, based on the empirical evidence:&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <div class="separator"><span style="color: #000000;"><a style="color: #000000;" href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E9zf1ReM9mI/YD6x3RvKzEI/AAAAAAAAK_U/V1yOTcoUZgU0sAViP8blAsM126a3xUrwgCLcBGAsYHQ/s978/viscusi%2B1.jpg"><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-E9zf1ReM9mI/YD6x3RvKzEI/AAAAAAAAK_U/V1yOTcoUZgU0sAViP8blAsM126a3xUrwgCLcBGAsYHQ/w424-h304/viscusi+1.jpg" alt="not peer reviewed " width="424" height="304" data-original-height="700" data-original-width="978" /></a></span></div>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">As Viscusi notes, the interpretation whether the empirical findings of a different VSL by age has led to political controversies.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Embarking on any age variation in the VSL is a controversial undertaking. In its analysis&nbsp;</span><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">of the Clear Skies Initiative, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) adopted a&nbsp;</span><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">downward age adjustment for those age 65 and older, reducing their applicable VSL by 37%.&nbsp;The result was a political firestorm against the “senior discount,” leading to headlines in critical articles such as “Seniors on Sale, 37% off” and “What’s a Granny Worth?” EPA abandoned this&nbsp;approach given the public outcry.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Notwithstanding the potential controversy that arises from even considering the prospect&nbsp;</span><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">of downward adjustments in the VSL for people who are older, what would the effect of&nbsp;</span><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">adopting an age-adjusted VSL be on the estimates of the mortality costs of COVID-19 Instead of a VSL of $11 million for the age 85, their VSL declines to $3 million. The average age-adjusted VSL for the COVID-19 age distribution is $6.3 million if there is no discounting of the VSLY stream and $5.2 million if a discount rate of 3% is applied to the stream of VSLY values.&nbsp;The total effect of accounting for age adjustments to the VSL is to cut the mortality cost&nbsp;estimate roughly in half.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">To be clear, Viscusi is not advocating that public policy should place a different value on people's lives by age, income, or any other metric. He writes:&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">[T]he risk equity concept that I have found to be attractive in many contexts is what I term `equitable risk tradeoffs.' Thus, rather than equalizing an objective measure of risk or <span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="science/covid-life-expectancy-and-why-in-our-blind-spot-oh-say-can-we-see">life expectancy</a></span> levels, the&nbsp;task is to adjust policies to set the risk-money tradeoff equal to a common population-wide VSL.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Some people find the VSL approach to thinking about risk just a useful way of codifying the choices that we are already making; others find it one more example of economics run amok. If you fall into the latter category, you might want to at least consider that when it comes to COVID-19 and future pandemics, Viscusi-style monetary values on mortality and morbidity offer a justification for a much more aggressive public spending response than the United States has actually done. As one example, Viscusi writes:&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Given the tremendous benefits that could be derived by having more adequate medical resources, it is preferable from a benefit-cost standpoint to make provision before health crises&nbsp;arise so that severe rationing is not required for the next pandemic. In anticipation of future&nbsp;pandemics, it is feasible to acquire high-quality ventilators at a cost from $25,000 to $50,000.&nbsp;Adding in the cost of medical support personnel would raise the annual&nbsp; cost to about $100,000.&nbsp;A reserve supply of ventilators could be a component of an anticipatory pandemic policy.&nbsp;Preparing for future pandemics remains a cost-effective strategy even for annual probabilities of&nbsp;a pandemic on the order of 1/100. However, survey evidence by Pike et al. (2020) suggests that&nbsp;support for protective efforts of this type is unlikely to emerge, as there is a lack of public&nbsp;concern with long-term pandemic risks. As a result, there is likely to be a continued shortfall in preparations for prospective risks, leading to future repetitions of the difficult rationing decisions&nbsp;posed by <span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="global-economy/exploring-the-impact-of-covid-19-on-the-fuel-and-oil-industry-in-2021">COVID-19</a></span>.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">In addition, Viscusi points out that a number of medical ethicists in the last year have been talking about how to ration available health care resources in various ways, : that is, about who will get certain kinds of care and who won't. Viscusi-style estimates of the value of a statistical life make the case for high levels of government spending to avoid such rationing. As he writes:&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">If human life is accorded an appropriate monetized value, the application of VSL and efficient&nbsp;principles for controlling risks will lead to greater levels of protection than will result if medical personnel follow the guidance provided by many prominent medical ethicists.</span></p>
    """
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AppController :: renderFooter (token = e1d46b)

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"App\Controller\AppController::renderFooter"
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"en"
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CookieController :: renderCookie (token = 3fe5bd)

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"App\Controller\CookieController::renderCookie"
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"html"
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"en"
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"415f0c"