GET https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/politics/crops-or-carats-the-unattended-tensions-between-miners-and-farmers

Response
200 OK
IP
3.144.252.170
Profiled on
Token
540d17

ArticleController :: show

Request

GET Parameters

None

POST Parameters

None

Uploaded Files

None

Request Attributes

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::show"
_firewall_context 
"security.firewall.map.context.main"
_links 
Symfony\Component\WebLink\GenericLinkProvider {#3640
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      -attributes: [
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    3759 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3759
      -href: "/build/644.js"
      -rel: [
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      -attributes: [
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    }
    3758 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3758
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      -rel: [
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      -attributes: [
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      ]
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    3757 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3757
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      -rel: [
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      -attributes: [
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      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3754 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3754
      -href: "/build/contact.js"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3753 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3753
      -href: "/build/scroll-infinite-article.js"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3752 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3752
      -href: "/build/app.css"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3751 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3751
      -href: "/build/cookie-style.css"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3750 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3750
      -href: "/build/term-condition-css.css"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3749 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3749
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      -attributes: [
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    }
    3748 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3748
      -href: "/build/comment-css.css"
      -rel: [
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      -attributes: [
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}
_route 
"article_show"
_route_params 
[
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]
_security_firewall_run 
"_security_main"
_stopwatch_token 
"67f63f"
category 
"politics"
slug 
"crops-or-carats-the-unattended-tensions-between-miners-and-farmers"

Request Headers

Header Value
accept 
"*/*"
accept-encoding 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
connection 
"close"
cookie 
"PHPSESSID=4gq0n4k39rop0u8b8jt9066i6r; care_did=1e8d5f6e-39ba-41b8-abd4-9b65dcd3a48f"
host 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
user-agent 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
x-php-ob-level 
"1"

Request Content

Request content not available (it was retrieved as a resource).

Response

Response Headers

Header Value
cache-control 
"no-cache, private"
content-type 
"text/html; charset=UTF-8"
date 
"Sat, 22 Feb 2025 13:18:41 GMT"
link 
"</build/runtime.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/644.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/502.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/view-more.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/term-condition.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/contact.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/scroll-infinite-article.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/cookie-style.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/term-condition-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/contact-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/comment-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style""
x-debug-token 
"540d17"

Cookies

Request Cookies

Key Value
PHPSESSID 
"4gq0n4k39rop0u8b8jt9066i6r"
care_did 
"1e8d5f6e-39ba-41b8-abd4-9b65dcd3a48f"

Response Cookies

No response cookies

Session 6

Session Metadata

Key Value
Created 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 13:16:17 +0000"
Last used 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 13:18:39 +0000"
Lifetime 
0

Session Attributes

Attribute Value
_csrf/https-comment 
"reiGyuEk9NLaIDZoerucE8hUyz0G8Ud4nm4xZZq12QI"
_csrf/https-cookie_accept 
"cHZbKrJAMdfP_r_LKSj0EgBqLu4zLWq9EsclRqi4XyA"

Session Usage

6 Usages
Stateless check enabled
Usage
Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:76
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:79
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:52
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:56
Show trace 
[
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]
Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage:41
Show trace 
[
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-core/Authentication/Token/Storage/UsageTrackingTokenStorage.php"
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    "function" => "getMetadataBag"
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Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener:171
Show trace 
[
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-http/Firewall/ContextListener.php"
    "line" => 171
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Flashes

Flashes

No flash messages were created.

Server Parameters

Server Parameters

Defined in .env

Key Value
APP_ENV 
"dev"
APP_SECRET 
"0a988e63f011514eaabfc650b599af4d"
CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN 
"*"
DATABASE_URL 
"mysql://bbndb_rctuser:33F5W25z40or0f7@localhost:3306/rct_bbntimes"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAANxzTG8ZMfIjil1wu-1vrQvnUt-x"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAAENKcn73MJAhQrbtQeqgyC4wDLMP"
MAILER_DSN 
"smtp://no-reply%40rct.dev.bbntimes.com:Bl6%26gLD48%26Of919@rct.dev.bbntimes.com:465"
MARIADB_PASSWORD 
"i!87pK&!85ezc8"

Defined as regular env variables

Key Value
APP_DEBUG 
"1"
BASE 
"/public"
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
CONTEXT_PREFIX 
""
DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
FCGI_ROLE 
"RESPONDER"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE 
"CGI/1.1"
HTTPS 
"on"
HTTP_ACCEPT 
"*/*"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_CONNECTION 
"close"
HTTP_COOKIE 
"PHPSESSID=4gq0n4k39rop0u8b8jt9066i6r; care_did=1e8d5f6e-39ba-41b8-abd4-9b65dcd3a48f"
HTTP_HOST 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PATH 
"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
PHP_SELF 
"/public/index.php"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_CGI_INDEX 
"plesk-php81-fastcgi"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_INI 
"/var/www/vhosts/system/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/etc/php.ini"
QUERY_STRING 
""
REDIRECT_BASE 
"/public"
REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/politics/crops-or-carats-the-unattended-tensions-between-miners-and-farmers"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/politics/crops-or-carats-the-unattended-tensions-between-miners-and-farmers"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nOsLiBoyj8JZ8-HGx_ogAAABg"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/politics/crops-or-carats-the-unattended-tensions-between-miners-and-farmers"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/politics/crops-or-carats-the-unattended-tensions-between-miners-and-farmers"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nOsLiBoyj8JZ8-HGx_ogAAABg"
REDIRECT_URL 
"/public/politics/crops-or-carats-the-unattended-tensions-between-miners-and-farmers"
REMOTE_ADDR 
"3.144.252.170"
REMOTE_PORT 
"4628"
REQUEST_METHOD 
"GET"
REQUEST_SCHEME 
"https"
REQUEST_TIME 
1740230320
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT 
1740230320.931
REQUEST_URI 
"/politics/crops-or-carats-the-unattended-tensions-between-miners-and-farmers"
SCRIPT_FILENAME 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_NAME 
"/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/politics/crops-or-carats-the-unattended-tensions-between-miners-and-farmers"
SCRIPT_URL 
"/politics/crops-or-carats-the-unattended-tensions-between-miners-and-farmers"
SERVER_ADDR 
"5.196.1.209"
SERVER_ADMIN 
"[no address given]"
SERVER_NAME 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SERVER_PORT 
"443"
SERVER_PROTOCOL 
"HTTP/1.1"
SERVER_SIGNATURE 
"<address>Apache Server at rct.dev.bbntimes.com Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE 
"Apache"
SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SYMFONY_DOTENV_VARS 
"APP_ENV,APP_SECRET,DATABASE_URL,MARIADB_PASSWORD,CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN,MAILER_DSN,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY"
UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nOsLiBoyj8JZ8-HGx_ogAAABg"

Sub Requests 6

CookieController :: renderAnalysis (token = 9fa88b)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderAnalysis"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"4bbcf9"

AppController :: renderHeader (token = 86769c)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderHeader"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"806c66"
slug 
"home"

ArticleController :: trendingArticle (token = 76f1ed)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::trendingArticle"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"255d15"
category 
"Politics"

ArticleController :: relatedArticles (token = a3e5b2)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::relatedArticles"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"5c816e"
current_article 
App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 1205
  -title: "Crops or Carats? The Unattended Tensions between Miners and Farmers"
  -slug: "crops-or-carats-the-unattended-tensions-between-miners-and-farmers"
  -introtext: "<p>The interaction between artisanal (small scale) mining and agriculture in Africa still needs to be carefully considered by policy makers to ensure that people’s livelihoods and countries’ export revenues aren’t threatened. It’s also important that the relationship between the two sectors is optimised to mutual benefit.</p>\r\n"
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p>Mining occurs in the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.oxfamamerica.org/explore/research-publications/geographies-of-conflict/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">same geographic areas as agriculture</a>. It competes for similar inputs, like land, water and labour. This means there is a significant risk that agriculture will be adversely affected by mining. Both are vital to the survival of most African economies. They both contribute to export revenues and employ a large number of people.</p>\r\n
    <p>But a&nbsp;<a href="http://www.unrisd.org/UNRISD/website/newsview.nsf/(httpNews)/8ADA17334D5C44E8C1257D81004558F0?OpenDocument" target="_blank" rel="noopener">research</a>&nbsp;conducted in Ghana, sub-Saharan Africa’s second largest gold producer and the world’s second largest cocoa producer, reveals some troubling imbalances between the two sectors.</p>\r\n
    <p>Most of the farmers interviewed preferred ‘crops’ to ‘carats’. This is because farming is more sustainable in the longer term. In addition, farming is, for many, the economic activity they have lived with the longest. But mining also brings in additional revenue that can greatly help farmers improve their outputs. There is nevertheless inherent tension between the two activities.</p>\r\n
    <p>There is therefore an urgent need for governments and policy makers to take a critical look into the mining–agriculture relationship. The research provides insights about the interaction between artisanal mining and agriculture in the context of social livelihoods in Africa.</p>\r\n
    <h2><span style="color: #10228b;">Gold Meets Cocoa in Ghana</span></h2>\r\n
    <p>For the past two decades, gold mining and agriculture have contributed consistently to economic growth and development, and sustainable livelihoods in Ghana.</p>\r\n
    <p>Gold contributes about 90% to the minerals and mining sector. In 2015 this amounted to GHȻ 1.35 billion (about US$3.4 million) in&nbsp;<a href="http://ghanachamberofmines.org/media/publications/Presidential_Address_at_the_88th_Annual_General_Meeting_of_the_Ghana_Chamber_of_Mines.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">exports and taxes</a>. Artisanal and small scale mining contributed an estimated&nbsp;<a href="http://www.miningreview.com/news/reform-for-ghanas-artisanal-mining-sector/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">34% of Ghana’s gold production in 2014.</a>&nbsp;Agriculture employs about&nbsp;<a href="http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SL.AGR.EMPL.ZS?locations=GH" target="_blank" rel="noopener">45%</a>&nbsp;of the country’s active labour force. In rural communities&nbsp;<a href="http://mofa.gov.gh/site/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/AGRICULTURE-IN-GHANA-FF-2012-nov-2013.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">more than 70%</a>&nbsp;of people are involved with and depend on agriculture.</p>\r\n
    <p>Farming is the traditional source of livelihood in Ghana. But artisanal mining has emerged as a lucrative activity. This is because of its remarkable income-generating potential.</p>\r\n
    <p>Although mining and agriculture can co-exist, generating economic and social benefits, there are some inherent tensions between the two as they compete for resources.</p>\r\n
    <p>On the other hand, mining generates money that supplements the income of farmers who become small artisanal miners. This allows them to improve their farms’ productivity through buying inputs like fertilisers, and hiring labour.</p>\r\n
    <h2><span style="color: #10228b;">To Mine or to Farm?</span></h2>\r\n
    <p><a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919201000148" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Livelihood diversification</a>&nbsp;is the norm in sub-Saharan Africa. The fact that farmers&nbsp;<a href="http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11113-012-9229-6" target="_blank" rel="noopener">branch out</a>&nbsp;into non-farm activities&nbsp;<a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0306919201000148" target="_blank" rel="noopener">to secure a better livelihood</a>&nbsp;is well recorded.</p>\r\n
    <p>In Amansie Central District, one of the mining districts in the Ashanti region of Ghana, farmers diversify into artisanal and small-scale mining to reduce the risks inherent in cocoa farming and food crop production. Risks include erratic rainfall patterns, lack of access to land, farm inputs and credits, poor and inaccessible roads, and lower producer prices for cocoa.</p>\r\n
    <p>The central difference between farming and artisanal mining is how much money can be made. Take the case of Samuel Ofori Duodu, a Ghanaian cocoa farmer and miner. Duodu indicated that he earns about $300 a month from artisanal mining. This compares to an acre of cocoa farm that generates about $170 per harvest within a year.</p>\r\n
    <p>Duodu could potentially earn $3,600 a year from mining compared to roughly $340 he gets from cocoa. But revenues from mining are not regular. They also depend on several factors including the price of gold on the international market and the ability to explore new mining concessions which demand sophisticated machines. Nonetheless, it is obvious that artisanal mining is more profitable than farming.</p>\r\n
    <p>Income from mining enables farmers to hire more labourers for their cocoa farms, buy expensive fertilisers and educate their children.</p>\r\n
    <h2><span style="color: #10228b;">Competition for Resources</span></h2>\r\n
    <p>But the co-existence of mining and farming is&nbsp;<a href="http://wrm.org.uy/articles-from-the-wrm-bulletin/section1/ghanas-mining-sector-regime-a-bad-deal-for-affected-local-communities/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">not a simple win-win situation</a>.</p>\r\n
    <p>For example, the costs can outweigh the benefits mining provides to communities. There is acute&nbsp;<a href="https://www.dartmouth.edu/~neudc2012/docs/paper_7.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">competition</a>&nbsp;over land and water resources. Farmers lose their land and farms to mostly informal and illegal mining activities. There is perhaps no single industry in Ghana that has precipitated more disputes over land-use than mining.</p>\r\n
    <p>In communities I visited during fieldwork in 2014 and 2015, there were contestations about loss and destruction of land and farms, and pollution of water bodies. Forms of land ownership in Ghana contribute to the prevalence of land disputes. Customary land ownership and tenure exist alongside state title tenure. The country’s&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ghana.gov.gh/images/documents/constitution_ghana.pdf" target="_blank" rel="noopener">constitution</a>&nbsp;recognises both. But customary land ownership is informal, based on simple acknowledgement without any documentary proof.</p>\r\n
    <p>Artisanal miners capitalise on this informal land ownership structure to seize lands often with little or no compensation to farmers. The majority – 90% – of farmers sampled in the district indicated that compensation is not adequate to mitigate the cost of the permanent loss of lands and destruction of cocoa farms. There are multiple cases where several acres of cocoa farms have been destroyed. These miners tend to seek the consent of traditional authorities with no regard for farmers who have the right to use the land. In&nbsp;<a href="http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/regional/Some-chiefs-behind-galamsey-Otumfuo-446056" target="_blank" rel="noopener">some instances</a>, traditional authorities are directly and indirectly involved in illegal artisanal and small-scale mining.</p>\r\n
    <h2><span style="color: #10228b;">What Next?</span></h2>\r\n
    <p>Despite the importance of mining and agriculture to economies such as Ghana’s, the dynamics of their interaction have seldom received attention. Such dynamics are sometimes underestimated by scholars, governments, corporate entities and donors. This has come with implications. The Ghana Cocoa Board, the country’s parastatal body mandated to regulating the cocoa industry, has&nbsp;<a href="https://www.ghanabusinessnews.com/2016/08/08/mining-threatens-ghanas-cocoa-production-cocobod/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">acknowledged</a>&nbsp;the rising negative impact of mining on cocoa production.</p>\r\n
    <p>There is a need for greater understanding of the mining–agriculture nexus to ensure that the two interact in a positive and balanced way. A balanced coexistence would produce social and economic development without disrupting the livelihoods of rural people whose lives are tied to farming.</p>\r\n
    <p>This article&nbsp;was first published by the <a href="http://www.unrisd.org/UNRISD/website/newsview.nsf/(httpNews)/8ADA17334D5C44E8C1257D81004558F0?OpenDocument">United Nations Research Institute for Social Development (UNRISD)</a>.</p>
    """
  -user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1092 …}
  -createdAt: DateTime @1520458057 {#1145
    date: 2018-03-07 21:27:37.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -updatedAt: DateTime @1520458199 {#1150
    date: 2018-03-07 21:29:59.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -deletedAt: null
  -category: App\Entity\Category {#445 …}
  -status: "published"
  -imageCard: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -ImageHeader: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -featured: false
  -mainView: false
  -clicks: 2635
  -comments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1125 …}
  -reviewed_at: DateTime @1520458058 {#1148
    date: 2018-03-07 21:27:38.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -metakey: ""
  -metadesc: "The interaction between artisanal (small scale) mining and agriculture in Africa still needs to be carefully considered by policy makers to ensure that people’s livelihoods and countries’ export revenues aren’t threatened. It’s also important that the relationship between the two sectors is optimised to mutual benefit."
  -robots: null
  -publishedAt: DateTime @1520458058 {#1147
    date: 2018-03-07 21:27:38.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -canonical: null
  -superTag: null
}

AppController :: renderFooter (token = 7b41fe)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderFooter"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"ee1e92"

CookieController :: renderCookie (token = 4e8f97)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderCookie"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"7dfb3f"