GET https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/an-economics-with-verbs-not-just-nouns

Response
200 OK
IP
18.116.47.33
Profiled on
Token
5ccc2b

ArticleController :: show

Request

GET Parameters

None

POST Parameters

None

Uploaded Files

None

Request Attributes

Key Value
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_security_firewall_run 
"_security_main"
_stopwatch_token 
"64902d"
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"global-economy"
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"an-economics-with-verbs-not-just-nouns"

Request Headers

Header Value
accept 
"*/*"
accept-encoding 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
connection 
"close"
cookie 
"PHPSESSID=grpao3jjfu1s7l20l19sk7rrtb"
host 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
user-agent 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
x-php-ob-level 
"1"

Request Content

Request content not available (it was retrieved as a resource).

Response

Response Headers

Header Value
cache-control 
"no-cache, private"
content-type 
"text/html; charset=UTF-8"
date 
"Thu, 17 Apr 2025 04:40:24 GMT"
link 
"</build/runtime.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/644.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/502.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/view-more.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/term-condition.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/contact.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/scroll-infinite-article.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/cookie-style.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/term-condition-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/contact-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/comment-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style""
x-debug-token 
"5ccc2b"

Cookies

Request Cookies

Key Value
PHPSESSID 
"grpao3jjfu1s7l20l19sk7rrtb"

Response Cookies

No response cookies

Session 6

Session Metadata

Key Value
Created 
"Thu, 17 Apr 25 04:40:23 +0000"
Last used 
"Thu, 17 Apr 25 04:40:23 +0000"
Lifetime 
0

Session Attributes

Attribute Value
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"UK5nvz-pzArQ3Qtg9NOY5hajH8qo1g5vDtZi78mDFWY"
_csrf/https-cookie_accept 
"APV5sODovXXi2wmVLoEP0-sYRpzA6l7R8SHZQHuFp8g"

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6 Usages
Stateless check enabled
Usage
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:79
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:52
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Show trace 
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    "line" => 181
    "function" => "show"
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    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
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    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
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]
Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage:41
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-core/Authentication/Token/Storage/UsageTrackingTokenStorage.php"
    "line" => 41
    "function" => "getMetadataBag"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/twig-bridge/AppVariable.php"
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    "function" => "run"
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    ]
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]
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener:171
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-http/Firewall/ContextListener.php"
    "line" => 171
    "function" => "remove"
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    "function" => "onKernelResponse"
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    "function" => "__invoke"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\WrappedListener"
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    "function" => "callListeners"
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]

Flashes

Flashes

No flash messages were created.

Server Parameters

Server Parameters

Defined in .env

Key Value
APP_ENV 
"dev"
APP_SECRET 
"0a988e63f011514eaabfc650b599af4d"
CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN 
"*"
DATABASE_URL 
"mysql://bbndb_rctuser:33F5W25z40or0f7@localhost:3306/rct_bbntimes"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAANxzTG8ZMfIjil1wu-1vrQvnUt-x"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAAENKcn73MJAhQrbtQeqgyC4wDLMP"
MAILER_DSN 
"smtp://no-reply%40rct.dev.bbntimes.com:Bl6%26gLD48%26Of919@rct.dev.bbntimes.com:465"
MARIADB_PASSWORD 
"i!87pK&!85ezc8"

Defined as regular env variables

Key Value
APP_DEBUG 
"1"
BASE 
"/public"
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
CONTEXT_PREFIX 
""
DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
FCGI_ROLE 
"RESPONDER"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE 
"CGI/1.1"
HTTPS 
"on"
HTTP_ACCEPT 
"*/*"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_CONNECTION 
"close"
HTTP_COOKIE 
"PHPSESSID=grpao3jjfu1s7l20l19sk7rrtb"
HTTP_HOST 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PATH 
"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
PHP_SELF 
"/public/index.php"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_CGI_INDEX 
"plesk-php81-fastcgi"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_INI 
"/var/www/vhosts/system/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/etc/php.ini"
QUERY_STRING 
""
REDIRECT_BASE 
"/public"
REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/an-economics-with-verbs-not-just-nouns"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/an-economics-with-verbs-not-just-nouns"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"aACGOBg5MGFa8S8pVm6AdQAAAEs"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/an-economics-with-verbs-not-just-nouns"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/an-economics-with-verbs-not-just-nouns"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"aACGOBg5MGFa8S8pVm6AdQAAAEs"
REDIRECT_URL 
"/public/global-economy/an-economics-with-verbs-not-just-nouns"
REMOTE_ADDR 
"18.116.47.33"
REMOTE_PORT 
"27428"
REQUEST_METHOD 
"GET"
REQUEST_SCHEME 
"https"
REQUEST_TIME 
1744864824
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT 
1744864824.0507
REQUEST_URI 
"/global-economy/an-economics-with-verbs-not-just-nouns"
SCRIPT_FILENAME 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_NAME 
"/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/an-economics-with-verbs-not-just-nouns"
SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/an-economics-with-verbs-not-just-nouns"
SERVER_ADDR 
"5.196.1.209"
SERVER_ADMIN 
"[no address given]"
SERVER_NAME 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SERVER_PORT 
"443"
SERVER_PROTOCOL 
"HTTP/1.1"
SERVER_SIGNATURE 
"<address>Apache Server at rct.dev.bbntimes.com Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE 
"Apache"
SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SYMFONY_DOTENV_VARS 
"APP_ENV,APP_SECRET,DATABASE_URL,MARIADB_PASSWORD,CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN,MAILER_DSN,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY"
UNIQUE_ID 
"aACGOBg5MGFa8S8pVm6AdQAAAEs"

Sub Requests 6

CookieController :: renderAnalysis (token = cee08d)

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"html"
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AppController :: renderHeader (token = 4380f6)

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"App\Controller\AppController::renderHeader"
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ArticleController :: trendingArticle (token = b87ef3)

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"App\Controller\ArticleController::trendingArticle"
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"html"
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"en"
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"a73fd0"
category 
"Global Economy"

ArticleController :: relatedArticles (token = 4c9032)

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"App\Controller\ArticleController::relatedArticles"
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"html"
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"en"
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current_article 
App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 8440
  -title: "An Economics with Verbs, Not Just Nouns"
  -slug: "an-economics-with-verbs-not-just-nouns"
  -introtext: "<p class="p1"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="s1">W. Brian Arthur re-opens some old questions about the discipline of economics and the role of mathematics with fresh language in&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><span class="s2" style="color: #000000;">"Economics in Nouns and Verbs"</span>&nbsp;</span>(April&nbsp;5, 2021, preprint at arXiv).</span></span></p>\r\n"
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p class="p1"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="s1"> Here's a flavor of his argument:</span><span class="s1"></span></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">I will argue that economics, as expressed via algebraic mathematics, deals only in nouns—quantifiable nouns—and does not deal with verbs (actions),&nbsp;and that this has deep consequences for what we see in the economy and how we theorize about it. ...</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Let me begin by pointing out that economics&nbsp;deals with prices, quantities produced, consumption, rates of interest, rates of exchange, rates of&nbsp;inflation, unemployment levels, trade surpluses, GDP, financial assets, Gini coefficients. These are&nbsp;all nouns. In fact, they are all quantifiable nouns—amounts of things, levels of things, rates of things.&nbsp;Economics as it is formally expressed is about amounts and levels and rates, and little else. This&nbsp; statement seems simple, trite almost, but it is only obvious when you pause to notice it. Nouns are&nbsp;the water economics swims in.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Of course in the real economy there are actions.&nbsp;Investors, producers, banks, and consumers act and interact incessantly. They trade, explore,&nbsp;forecast, buy, sell, ponder, adapt, invent, bring new products into being, start companies. And&nbsp;these of course are actions—verbs. Parts of economics—economic history, or business reporting—do deal with actions. But in formal discourse about the economy, in the theory we learn and the&nbsp;models we create and the statistics we report, we deal not with verbs but with nouns. If companies&nbsp;are indeed started, economic models reflect this as the number of companies started. If people invest,&nbsp;models reflect this as the amount of investment. If central banks intervene, they reflect this by the&nbsp;quantity of intervention. Formal economics is about nouns and reduces all activities to nouns.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">You could say that is its mode of understanding,&nbsp;its vocabulary of expression. Perhaps this is just a curiosity and doesn’t matter.&nbsp;And maybe it’s necessary that to be a science economics needs to deal with quantifiable objects—nouns. But other sciences heavily use verbs and actions. In biology DNA replicates itself, corrects&nbsp;copying errors in its strands, splits apart, and transfers information to RNA to express genes.&nbsp;These are verbs, all. Biology—modern molecular biology, genomics, and proteomics—is based&nbsp;squarely on actions. Indeed biology would be hard to imagine without actions—events triggering events, events inhibiting events. ...&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Any economist will have some immediate reactions here, several of which are anticipated by Arthur.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">The reader may object that mathematics in&nbsp;economics does use verbs: agents maximize; they&nbsp;learn and adapt; rank preferences; decide among&nbsp;alternatives; adjust supply to meet demand. But&nbsp;the verbs here are an illusion; algebraic mathematics&nbsp;doesn’t allow them, so they are quickly finessed&nbsp;into noun quantities. We don’t actually see agents&nbsp;maximizing in the theory; we see the necessary&nbsp;conditions of their maximizing expressed as noun-equations.&nbsp;We don’t see them learning; we see&nbsp;some parameter changing in value as they update&nbsp;their beliefs. We don’t see producers deciding levels&nbsp;of production; we see quantities determined via&nbsp;some optimizing rule. We don’t see producers responding&nbsp;to demand via manufacturing actions,&nbsp;we see quantities adjusting. It might appear that&nbsp;dynamics in the economy are an exception—surely they must contain verbs. But expressed in&nbsp;differential equations, they too are just changes in&nbsp;noun quantities.&nbsp;Verbs in equation-based theory require workarounds.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="s1">It should be said that Arthur has a point. The equations in economics often have "black box" component--that is, you can't see what's going on inside. For example, firms in a standard economic model have a "production function," which shows that when certain levels of inputs are used, certain levels of outputs emerge. But on the subject of how production actually works, the equation is silent.&nbsp;</span><span class="s1"></span></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="s1">More important, on the subject of how the process of production interacts with new technologies for production and offering new products to consumers, the production function is also silent. When talking about issues like the underlying causes of productivity growth in an economy, or issues like economic development of low- and middle-income countries, these black box production functions (at least in their basic versions) don't capture what's actually happening.&nbsp;</span><span class="s1"></span></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">So what is Arthur's alternative? As an economic theorist with extensive mathematical training, he suggests that economists open themselves up to an alternative kinds of math--the mathematics of algorithms. He writes:&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">The reason algorithms handle processes well&nbsp;is because each individual instruction, each step,&nbsp;can signal an action or process. Also, and here is&nbsp;where process enters par excellence, they allow if-then conditions. If process R has been executed&nbsp;100 times, then execute process L; if not, then execute process H. Algorithms can contain processes&nbsp;that call or trigger other processes, inhibit other processes, are nested within processes, indeed create&nbsp;other processes. And so they provide a natural language for processes, much as algebra provides&nbsp;a natural language for noun-quantities. Frequently algorithms include equations, and so sometimes&nbsp;we can think of algorithmic systems as equation-based ones with if-then conditions. As such, algorithmic&nbsp;systems generalize equation-based ones, and they give us a new mode, a new language of&nbsp;expression in economics, although one that may look different from what we’re used to. ...</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">The world revealed here is not one of rational perfection, nor is it mechanistic. If anything it looks distinctly biological. Its agents are constantly&nbsp;acting and reacting within a situation—an “ecology” if you like—brought about by other agents&nbsp;acting and reacting. Algorithmic expression allows novel, unthought of behaviors, novel formations,&nbsp;structural change from within—it allows creation. It gives us a world alive, constantly creating and&nbsp;re-creating itself.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="s1">Arthur and others who work in "complexity economics" have been creating and working with these kinds of models for decades. As Arthur writes in this paper, such models can be viewed as&nbsp;simulations" or "laboratory experiments"--that is, given certain starting points and behavioral rules, if you allow the algorithm to evolve many times, what kinds of outcomes are more or less likely to evolve?&nbsp;<br /> <br /> All this is fair enough. My own sense is that algorithmic methods can be especially useful in showing how seemingly mild and plausible rules can sometimes lead to unexpected and even disastrous outcomes, and how small changes in initial conditions or in underlying assumptions about behavior can lead to dramatic differences in how outcomes evolve.&nbsp;</span><span class="s1"></span></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">But that said, algorithms still involve reducing the real world to mathematical equations and still require specifying a set of assumptions. It's not obvious that algorithms do a better job of looking inside the "black box" of how production happens, or how it evolves to higher productivity and output, than conventional economic methods.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="s1"></span><span class="s1">Thus, by the end of the essay, Arthur seems to be backpedaling from grand claims. He writes: "As a means of understanding, algorithmic expression&nbsp;need not replace equation-based expression&nbsp;in economics, but can take its place alongside&nbsp;it as a parallel language." He says: "I do not believe algorithmic expression is a panacea in economics. It can include heterogenous agents with “non-rational”&nbsp;behavior that is context dependent, detailed and therefore more realistic. But it does not&nbsp;easily capture the `humanness' of economic life, its emotionality, its intuitive nature, its personages,&nbsp;</span><span class="s1">its very style. For this we would need other means." What starts off sounding like a frontal assault on the methods of economics ends up as a quiet plea for openness to an expanded set of mathematical tools.&nbsp;</span></span></p>
    """
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  -metakey: "An Economics with Verbs, Not Just Nouns"
  -metadesc: "W. Brian Arthur re-opens some old questions about the discipline of economics and the role of mathematics with fresh language in\u{A0}"Economics in Nouns and Verbs"."
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AppController :: renderFooter (token = e15353)

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"App\Controller\AppController::renderFooter"
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"da442a"

CookieController :: renderCookie (token = 3300ca)

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"App\Controller\CookieController::renderCookie"
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"html"
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"en"
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"57a141"