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Response
200 OK
IP
216.73.216.190
Profiled on
Token
5e085a

ArticleController :: show

Request

GET Parameters

None

POST Parameters

None

Uploaded Files

None

Request Attributes

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"838020"
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"*/*"
accept-encoding 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
connection 
"close"
cookie 
"PHPSESSID=16fvqujm279t98cp9lu8ip74c4"
host 
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user-agent 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
x-php-ob-level 
"1"

Request Content

Request content not available (it was retrieved as a resource).

Response

Response Headers

Header Value
cache-control 
"no-cache, private"
content-type 
"text/html; charset=UTF-8"
date 
"Mon, 07 Jul 2025 14:13:03 GMT"
link 
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"5e085a"

Cookies

Request Cookies

Key Value
PHPSESSID 
"16fvqujm279t98cp9lu8ip74c4"

Response Cookies

No response cookies

Session 6

Session Metadata

Key Value
Created 
"Mon, 07 Jul 25 14:13:00 +0000"
Last used 
"Mon, 07 Jul 25 14:13:02 +0000"
Lifetime 
0

Session Attributes

Attribute Value
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Session Usage

6 Usages
Stateless check enabled
Usage
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:79
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:52
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Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage:41
Show trace 
[
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-core/Authentication/Token/Storage/UsageTrackingTokenStorage.php"
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    "function" => "getMetadataBag"
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]
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener:171
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-http/Firewall/ContextListener.php"
    "line" => 171
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Flashes

Flashes

No flash messages were created.

Server Parameters

Server Parameters

Defined in .env

Key Value
APP_ENV 
"dev"
APP_SECRET 
"0a988e63f011514eaabfc650b599af4d"
CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN 
"*"
DATABASE_URL 
"mysql://bbndb_rctuser:33F5W25z40or0f7@localhost:3306/rct_bbntimes"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAANxzTG8ZMfIjil1wu-1vrQvnUt-x"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAAENKcn73MJAhQrbtQeqgyC4wDLMP"
MAILER_DSN 
"smtp://no-reply%40rct.dev.bbntimes.com:Bl6%26gLD48%26Of919@rct.dev.bbntimes.com:465"
MARIADB_PASSWORD 
"i!87pK&!85ezc8"

Defined as regular env variables

Key Value
APP_DEBUG 
"1"
BASE 
"/public"
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
CONTEXT_PREFIX 
""
DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
FCGI_ROLE 
"RESPONDER"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE 
"CGI/1.1"
HTTPS 
"on"
HTTP_ACCEPT 
"*/*"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_CONNECTION 
"close"
HTTP_COOKIE 
"PHPSESSID=16fvqujm279t98cp9lu8ip74c4"
HTTP_HOST 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PATH 
"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
PHP_SELF 
"/public/index.php"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_CGI_INDEX 
"plesk-php81-fastcgi"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_INI 
"/var/www/vhosts/system/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/etc/php.ini"
QUERY_STRING 
""
REDIRECT_BASE 
"/public"
REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/what-the-imf-thinks-about-china-s-exchange-rate-and-trade-balance"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/what-the-imf-thinks-about-china-s-exchange-rate-and-trade-balance"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"aGvV7UzkBw7x37J9j2bC5gAAAIc"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/what-the-imf-thinks-about-china-s-exchange-rate-and-trade-balance"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/what-the-imf-thinks-about-china-s-exchange-rate-and-trade-balance"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"aGvV7UzkBw7x37J9j2bC5gAAAIc"
REDIRECT_URL 
"/public/global-economy/what-the-imf-thinks-about-china-s-exchange-rate-and-trade-balance"
REMOTE_ADDR 
"216.73.216.190"
REMOTE_PORT 
"63971"
REQUEST_METHOD 
"GET"
REQUEST_SCHEME 
"https"
REQUEST_TIME 
1751897582
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT 
1751897582.3354
REQUEST_URI 
"/global-economy/what-the-imf-thinks-about-china-s-exchange-rate-and-trade-balance"
SCRIPT_FILENAME 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_NAME 
"/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/what-the-imf-thinks-about-china-s-exchange-rate-and-trade-balance"
SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/what-the-imf-thinks-about-china-s-exchange-rate-and-trade-balance"
SERVER_ADDR 
"5.196.1.209"
SERVER_ADMIN 
"[no address given]"
SERVER_NAME 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SERVER_PORT 
"443"
SERVER_PROTOCOL 
"HTTP/1.1"
SERVER_SIGNATURE 
"<address>Apache Server at rct.dev.bbntimes.com Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE 
"Apache"
SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SYMFONY_DOTENV_VARS 
"APP_ENV,APP_SECRET,DATABASE_URL,MARIADB_PASSWORD,CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN,MAILER_DSN,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY"
UNIQUE_ID 
"aGvV7UzkBw7x37J9j2bC5gAAAIc"

Sub Requests 6

CookieController :: renderAnalysis (token = 8d83a4)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderAnalysis"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"9dccc5"

AppController :: renderHeader (token = f74833)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderHeader"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"b1e405"
slug 
"home"

ArticleController :: trendingArticle (token = d6a73b)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::trendingArticle"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"5751d5"
category 
"Global Economy"

ArticleController :: relatedArticles (token = 448cb6)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::relatedArticles"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"0e2cea"
current_article 
App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 4487
  -title: "What the IMF Thinks about China's Exchange Rate and Trade Balance"
  -slug: "what-the-imf-thinks-about-china-s-exchange-rate-and-trade-balance"
  -introtext: """
    <div id="post-body-8854051556081593965" class="post-body entry-content" itemprop="description articleBody">\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">A couple of weeks ago,&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://home.treasury.gov/news/press-releases/sm751">US Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin announced his finding that China was manipulating its currency to keep it unfairly low</a></span>, and further announced that he would be taking the issue up with the International Monetary Fund. <span style="color: #808080;">I<a style="color: #808080;" href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2019/08/china-and-currency-manipulation.html">&nbsp;offered some of my own views on this announcement when it happened</a></span>. But what's interesting here is not what I think, or even what Mnuchin thinks, but what the IMF thinks.</span></p>\r\n
    """
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;"> Fortuitously, the IMF just published its&nbsp;<em><span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/ESR/Issues/2019/07/03/2019-external-sector-report">2019 External Sector Report: The Dynamics of External Adjustment</a></span>&nbsp;</em>(July 2019). As the title implies, it's about trade surpluses and deficits all over the world, not just the US and China. But it has some content that gives a sense of how it is likely to respond to Mnuchin's importuning.&nbsp; Here's an overall comment:</span></p>\r\n
    <p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #000000;">The IMF’s multilateral approach suggests that about 35–45 percent of overall current account surpluses and deficits were deemed excessive in 2018. Higher-than-warranted balances remained centered in the euro area as a whole (driven by Germany and the Netherlands) and in other advanced economies (Korea, Singapore), while lower-than-warranted balances remained concentrated in the United Kingdom, the United States, and some emerging market economies (Argentina, Indonesia). China’s external position was assessed to be in line with fundamentals and desirable policies, as its current account surplus narrowed further ...&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">A couple of points are worth noting here. First, the IMF does not believe that all trade deficits and surpluses are "excessive," only that about 35-45% are "excessive." For economists, there will be sensible reasons why some countries make net investment in other countries, or receive net investments from other countries, which means that some countries will have reasonable trade surpluses or deficits.</span><br /> <br /><span style="color: #000000;"> Second, the IMF is saying that the the excessive trade surpluses are centered in teh EU and in Korea and Singapore. The excessive and trade deficits are the United States, the UK, and some emerging markets. But China's trade picture is not "excessive." Instead, it's in line with economic fundamentals.</span><br /> <br /><span style="color: #000000;"> Here's the IMF list of countries with the biggest trade deficits and surpluses in 2018, as shown the table adapted from the IMF report. The US has by far the biggest trade deficit in absolute terms, although relative to the size of the US economy it's similar or even smaller than many of the other countries with big trade deficits. Among countries with trade surpluses, China ranked 11th in absolute size in 2018, and as a share of China's giant GDP, it's trade surplus was by far the smallest of the top 15.</span></p>\r\n
    <div class="separator"><span style="color: #000000;"><a style="color: #000000;" href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m0mwYpqaXlY/XVc1bCT3qXI/AAAAAAAAJ5M/1FvfXsmDjQ03-ti85_CL7aQKKDWQi4RJQCLcBGAs/s1600/china%2Bimf%2B1.jpg"><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-m0mwYpqaXlY/XVc1bCT3qXI/AAAAAAAAJ5M/1FvfXsmDjQ03-ti85_CL7aQKKDWQi4RJQCLcBGAs/s640/china%2Bimf%2B1.jpg" alt="" width="467" height="640" border="0" data-original-height="884" data-original-width="648" /></a></span></div>\r\n
    <div class="separator"><span style="color: #000000;"></span></div>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">But what about China's exchange rate in particular? Here's a figure from the IMF showing China's exchange rate since 2007, along with China's trade surpluses over that time. China's exchange rate has appreciated 36% since 2007, and its trade surpluses have been falling. In effect, Mnuchin's complaint is about the slight upward bend at the far right-hand side of China's exchange rate line.</span></p>\r\n
    <br />\r\n
    <div class="separator"><span style="color: #000000;"><a style="color: #000000;" href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3XiHWkdMqeQ/XVc2ZEfdZvI/AAAAAAAAJ5Y/3JzUfpaO0goPJekbHTQWnRNPWG7uShIHwCLcBGAs/s1600/china%2Bimf%2B2.jpg"><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-3XiHWkdMqeQ/XVc2ZEfdZvI/AAAAAAAAJ5Y/3JzUfpaO0goPJekbHTQWnRNPWG7uShIHwCLcBGAs/s400/china%2Bimf%2B2.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="222" border="0" data-original-height="318" data-original-width="569" /></a></span></div>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">So what is the cause for the large US trade deficits? The IMF points to a standard economic phenomenon that back in the 1980s used to be called the "twin deficits" problem. The US is running very large budget deficits, at a time when its unemployment rate has been 4% or less for more than year. From a macroeconomic view, all that buying power has to go someplace, and with the US economy already near full employment, it ends up flowing by various indirect routes into buying more imports--and driving up the US trade deficit. As the IMF writes, "many countries with lower-than-warranted current account balances had a looser-than-desirable fiscal policy, compared&nbsp;to its medium-term desirable level (Argentina, South&nbsp;Africa, Spain, United Kingdom, United States) ..."</span><br /> <br /><span style="color: #000000;"> Why has China's current account surplus faded? One reason is related to the appreciation of China's exchange rate, already described. In addition, the IMF report suggests that China may be experiencing "export market saturation," given that Chinas' share of world exports more than tripled from 5% in 2001 to 16% by 2017. China has also had a modest decline in its still-high savings rate, which means higher consumption of all goods, including a greater willingness to import.</span><br /> <br /><span style="color: #000000;"> The US has legitimate trade issues with China. Its treatment of intellectual property has often been cavalier at best, criminal at worst. But when it comes to the overall US trade deficit problem, it seems quite unlikely that the IMF will designate China as the culprit.</span></p>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">A version of this article first appeared on <span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2019/08/what-imf-thinks-about-chinas-exchange.html">Conversable Economist</a>.</span>&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    </div>
    """
  -user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1092 …}
  -createdAt: DateTime @1566205053 {#1145
    date: 2019-08-19 08:57:33.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -updatedAt: DateTime @1566205327 {#1150
    date: 2019-08-19 09:02:07.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -deletedAt: null
  -category: App\Entity\Category {#445 …}
  -status: "published"
  -imageCard: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -ImageHeader: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -featured: false
  -mainView: false
  -clicks: 2212
  -comments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1125 …}
  -reviewed_at: DateTime @1566205050 {#1148
    date: 2019-08-19 08:57:30.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -metakey: ""
  -metadesc: "A couple of weeks ago,\u{A0}US Treasury Secretary Steven Mnuchin announced his finding that China was manipulating its currency to keep it unfairly low, and further announced that he would be taking the issue up with the International Monetary Fund. I\u{A0}offered some of my own views on this announcement when it happened. But what's interesting here is not what I think, or even what Mnuchin thinks, but what the IMF thinks."
  -robots: null
  -publishedAt: DateTime @1566205050 {#1147
    date: 2019-08-19 08:57:30.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -canonical: null
  -superTag: null
}

AppController :: renderFooter (token = 1a357f)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderFooter"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"0b3eb8"

CookieController :: renderCookie (token = cb84d5)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderCookie"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"f518dc"