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Response
200 OK
IP
216.73.216.240
Profiled on
Token
72435b

ArticleController :: show

Request

GET Parameters

None

POST Parameters

None

Uploaded Files

None

Request Attributes

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"e7ea47"
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"global-economy"
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"innovation-policy-federal-support-for-r-d-falls-as-its-importance-rises"

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"*/*"
accept-encoding 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
connection 
"close"
cookie 
"PHPSESSID=bm0ltlg71fpcom3l1ni548ahma"
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x-php-ob-level 
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Request Content

Request content not available (it was retrieved as a resource).

Response

Response Headers

Header Value
cache-control 
"no-cache, private"
content-type 
"text/html; charset=UTF-8"
date 
"Mon, 23 Jun 2025 02:26:08 GMT"
link 
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Cookies

Request Cookies

Key Value
PHPSESSID 
"bm0ltlg71fpcom3l1ni548ahma"

Response Cookies

No response cookies

Session 6

Session Metadata

Key Value
Created 
"Mon, 23 Jun 25 02:26:02 +0000"
Last used 
"Mon, 23 Jun 25 02:26:07 +0000"
Lifetime 
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Session Attributes

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Session Usage

6 Usages
Stateless check enabled
Usage
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:79
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:52
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:56
Show trace 
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 181
    "function" => "show"
    "class" => "App\Controller\ArticleController"
    "type" => "->"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/Kernel.php"
    "line" => 197
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/runtime/Runner/Symfony/HttpKernelRunner.php"
    "line" => 35
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Kernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    "line" => 29
    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
  ]
]
Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage:41
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-core/Authentication/Token/Storage/UsageTrackingTokenStorage.php"
    "line" => 41
    "function" => "getMetadataBag"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/twig-bridge/AppVariable.php"
    "line" => 103
    "function" => "getToken"
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    "function" => "twig_get_attribute"
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    "function" => "handle"
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    "function" => "doRender"
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  [
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    "function" => "show"
    "class" => "App\Controller\ArticleController"
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    "function" => "handleRaw"
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    "type" => "->"
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  [
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    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
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    "function" => "handle"
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    "function" => "run"
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  [
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    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
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]
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener:171
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-http/Firewall/ContextListener.php"
    "line" => 171
    "function" => "remove"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
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  [
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    "line" => 116
    "function" => "onKernelResponse"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 220
    "function" => "__invoke"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\WrappedListener"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 56
    "function" => "callListeners"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
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    "function" => "dispatch"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
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    "function" => "dispatch"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\TraceableEventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 202
    "function" => "filterResponse"
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    "type" => "->"
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Flashes

Flashes

No flash messages were created.

Server Parameters

Server Parameters

Defined in .env

Key Value
APP_ENV 
"dev"
APP_SECRET 
"0a988e63f011514eaabfc650b599af4d"
CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN 
"*"
DATABASE_URL 
"mysql://bbndb_rctuser:33F5W25z40or0f7@localhost:3306/rct_bbntimes"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAANxzTG8ZMfIjil1wu-1vrQvnUt-x"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAAENKcn73MJAhQrbtQeqgyC4wDLMP"
MAILER_DSN 
"smtp://no-reply%40rct.dev.bbntimes.com:Bl6%26gLD48%26Of919@rct.dev.bbntimes.com:465"
MARIADB_PASSWORD 
"i!87pK&!85ezc8"

Defined as regular env variables

Key Value
APP_DEBUG 
"1"
BASE 
"/public"
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
CONTEXT_PREFIX 
""
DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
FCGI_ROLE 
"RESPONDER"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE 
"CGI/1.1"
HTTPS 
"on"
HTTP_ACCEPT 
"*/*"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_CONNECTION 
"close"
HTTP_COOKIE 
"PHPSESSID=bm0ltlg71fpcom3l1ni548ahma"
HTTP_HOST 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PATH 
"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
PHP_SELF 
"/public/index.php"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_CGI_INDEX 
"plesk-php81-fastcgi"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_INI 
"/var/www/vhosts/system/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/etc/php.ini"
QUERY_STRING 
""
REDIRECT_BASE 
"/public"
REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/innovation-policy-federal-support-for-r-d-falls-as-its-importance-rises"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/innovation-policy-federal-support-for-r-d-falls-as-its-importance-rises"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"aFi7P3FvvnByLWCX2ZSHRAAAAE0"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/innovation-policy-federal-support-for-r-d-falls-as-its-importance-rises"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/innovation-policy-federal-support-for-r-d-falls-as-its-importance-rises"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"aFi7P3FvvnByLWCX2ZSHRAAAAE0"
REDIRECT_URL 
"/public/global-economy/innovation-policy-federal-support-for-r-d-falls-as-its-importance-rises"
REMOTE_ADDR 
"216.73.216.240"
REMOTE_PORT 
"16311"
REQUEST_METHOD 
"GET"
REQUEST_SCHEME 
"https"
REQUEST_TIME 
1750645567
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT 
1750645567.959
REQUEST_URI 
"/global-economy/innovation-policy-federal-support-for-r-d-falls-as-its-importance-rises"
SCRIPT_FILENAME 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_NAME 
"/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/innovation-policy-federal-support-for-r-d-falls-as-its-importance-rises"
SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/innovation-policy-federal-support-for-r-d-falls-as-its-importance-rises"
SERVER_ADDR 
"5.196.1.209"
SERVER_ADMIN 
"[no address given]"
SERVER_NAME 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SERVER_PORT 
"443"
SERVER_PROTOCOL 
"HTTP/1.1"
SERVER_SIGNATURE 
"<address>Apache Server at rct.dev.bbntimes.com Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE 
"Apache"
SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SYMFONY_DOTENV_VARS 
"APP_ENV,APP_SECRET,DATABASE_URL,MARIADB_PASSWORD,CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN,MAILER_DSN,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY"
UNIQUE_ID 
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Sub Requests 6

CookieController :: renderAnalysis (token = e7dfd3)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderAnalysis"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"122cae"

AppController :: renderHeader (token = 9551ab)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderHeader"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"49fbd0"
slug 
"home"

ArticleController :: trendingArticle (token = 8faa51)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::trendingArticle"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"a2f957"
category 
"Global Economy"

ArticleController :: relatedArticles (token = 5d3f05)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::relatedArticles"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"a17e7e"
current_article 
App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 4458
  -title: "Innovation Policy: Federal Support for R&D Falls as its Importance Rises"
  -slug: "innovation-policy-federal-support-for-r-d-falls-as-its-importance-rises"
  -introtext: "<p><span style="color: #000000;">One of those things that "everyone knows" is that continued technological progress is vital to the continued success of the US economy, not just in terms of GDP growth (although that matters) but also for major social issues like providing quality health care and education in a cost-effective manner, addressing environmental dangers including climate change, and in other ways. Another thing that "everyone knows" is that research and development spending is an important part of generating new technology. But total US spending on R&amp;D as a share of GDP has been nearly flat for decades, and government spending on R&amp;D as a share of GDP has declined over time.</span></p>\r\n"
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">Here's a figure on funding sources for US R&amp;D from the&nbsp;<em><span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://www.nsf.gov/statistics/2018/nsb20181/report">Science and Engineering Indicators 2018</a></span>.&nbsp;&nbsp;</em>The top line shows the rise in R&amp;D spending in the 1960s (much of it associated with the space program and the military), a fall in the 1970s, and then how R&amp;D spending has bobbed around 2.5%&nbsp;of GDP since then. The dark blue line shows the rise in business-funded R&amp;D, while the light blue line shows the fall in government funding for R&amp;D.</span></p>\r\n
    <div>\r\n
    <div class="separator"><span style="color: #000000;"><a style="color: #000000;" href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1HYMRC3uG2g/XSiooJF0G2I/AAAAAAAAJ0o/eWUfN901Qf8HEA1HxmMdwSY3-kY8uShXgCLcBGAs/s1600/r%2526d%2B1.jpg"><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-1HYMRC3uG2g/XSiooJF0G2I/AAAAAAAAJ0o/eWUfN901Qf8HEA1HxmMdwSY3-kY8uShXgCLcBGAs/s400/r%2526d%2B1.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="378" border="0" data-original-height="669" data-original-width="706" /></a></span></div>\r\n
    <div><br />\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">One underlying issue is that business-funded R&amp;D is more likely to be focused on, well, the reasonably short-term needs of the business, while government R&amp;D can take a broader and longer-term perspective,</span><br /> <br /><span style="color: #000000;"> One signal of this dynamic is that the share of patents which rely on government funding is on the rise.&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/364/6446/1139">L. Fleming, H. Greene, G. Li, M. Marx, and D. Yao describe the pattern in "Research Funding: Government-funded research increasingly fuels innovation"</a>&nbsp;</span>(<em>Science</em>, June 21, 2019, pp. 11139-1141).</span></p>\r\n
    </div>\r\n
    </div>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;"><img src="https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/364/6446/1139/F1.large.jpg?width=800&amp;height=600&amp;carousel=1" alt="" width="400" height="301" /></span></div>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;"></span></div>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;"></span></div>\r\n
    <div>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">Of course, the relationship between R&amp;D spending and broader technological progress is complicated. Translating research discoveries into goods and services isn't a simple or mechanical process. Other important elements include the economic and regulatory environment for entrepreneurs, the diffusion of new technologies across firms,&nbsp; and the quantity of scientists and researchers. For an&nbsp;overview of the broader issues,&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.33.3.163">Nicholas Bloom, John Van Reenen, and Heidi Williams offer "A Toolkit of Policies to Promote Innovation"</a></span>in the Summer 2018 issue of the&nbsp;<em>Journal of Economic Perspectives</em>. They explain the case for government support of innovation:</span></p>\r\n
    <p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #000000;">Knowledge spillovers are the central market failure on which economists have focused when justifying government intervention in innovation. If one firm creates&nbsp;something truly innovative, this knowledge may spill over to other firms that either&nbsp;copy or learn from the original research—without having to pay the full research&nbsp;and development costs. Ideas are promiscuous; even with a well-designed intellectual&nbsp;property system, the benefits of new ideas are difficult to monetize in full.&nbsp;There is a long academic literature documenting the existence of these positive&nbsp;spillovers from innovations. ...</span></p>\r\n
    <p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #000000;">As a whole, this literature on spillovers has consistently estimated that social returns to R&amp;D are much higher than private returns, which provides a justification&nbsp;for government- supported innovation policy. In the United States, for example,&nbsp;recent estimates in Lucking, Bloom, and Van Reenen (2018) used three decades of&nbsp;firm-level data and a production function–based approach to document evidence&nbsp;of substantial positive net knowledge spillovers. The authors estimate that social&nbsp;returns are about 60 percent, compared with private returns of around 15 percent, suggesting the case for a substantial increase in public research subsidies.</span></p>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">Along with&nbsp; pointing out some advantages of government-funded R&amp;D, Bloom, van Reenen, and Williams also point out that when it comes to tax subsidies for corporate R&amp;D, the US lags well behind. They write:&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #000000;">The OECD (2018) reports that 33 of the 42 countries it examined provide some material level of tax generosity toward research and development. The US federal T&amp;D tax credit is in the bottom one- third of OECD nations in terms of generosity,&nbsp;reducing the cost of US R&amp;D spending by about 5 percent. ...&nbsp;&nbsp;In countries with the most generous provisions, such as France, Portugal, and Chile, the corresponding tax incentives reduce the cost of R&amp;D by&nbsp;more than 30 percent. Do research and development tax credits actually work to raise R&amp;D spending?&nbsp;The answer seems to be “yes.”</span></p>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">Here's their toolkit of pro-innovation policies, with their own estimates of effectiveness along various dimensions.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    </div>\r\n
    <div></div>\r\n
    <div class="separator"><span style="color: #000000;"><a style="color: #000000;" href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MxpVRqwpeaQ/XUnCWGFifcI/AAAAAAAAJ3s/1r5Ha7DwEdIugtB7V2BMJqjZ97ZZpfmMwCLcBGAs/s1600/toolkit.jpg"><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-MxpVRqwpeaQ/XUnCWGFifcI/AAAAAAAAJ3s/1r5Ha7DwEdIugtB7V2BMJqjZ97ZZpfmMwCLcBGAs/s400/toolkit.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="273" border="0" data-original-height="387" data-original-width="565" /></a></span>\r\n
    <div class="separator">&nbsp;</div>\r\n
    <div>&nbsp;</div>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;">A version of this article first appeared on <span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2019/08/innovation-policy-federal-support-for-r.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Conversable Economist</a></span>.&nbsp;</span></div>\r\n
    </div>
    """
  -user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1092 …}
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    date: 2019-08-12 15:00:38.0 UTC (+00:00)
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  -updatedAt: DateTime @1565626210 {#1150
    date: 2019-08-12 16:10:10.0 UTC (+00:00)
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  -deletedAt: null
  -category: App\Entity\Category {#445 …}
  -status: "published"
  -imageCard: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -ImageHeader: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
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  -comments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1125 …}
  -reviewed_at: DateTime @1565622033 {#1148
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  -metakey: ""
  -metadesc: "One of those things that "everyone knows" is that continued technological progress is vital to the continued success of the US economy, not just in terms of GDP growth (although that matters) but also for major social issues like providing quality health care and education in a cost-effective manner, addressing environmental dangers including climate change, and in other ways. Another thing that "everyone knows" is that research and development spending is an important part of generating new technology. But total US spending on R&D as a share of GDP has been nearly flat for decades, and government spending on R&D as a share of GDP has declined over time."
  -robots: null
  -publishedAt: DateTime @1565622033 {#1147
    date: 2019-08-12 15:00:33.0 UTC (+00:00)
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AppController :: renderFooter (token = 463c15)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderFooter"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"174f9b"

CookieController :: renderCookie (token = db68fa)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderCookie"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"f0f0d9"