GET https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/some-economic-consequences-of-the-near-extinction-of-the-buffalo

Response
200 OK
IP
3.144.26.77
Profiled on
Token
797030

ArticleController :: show

Request

GET Parameters

None

POST Parameters

None

Uploaded Files

None

Request Attributes

Key Value
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"App\Controller\ArticleController::show"
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"security.firewall.map.context.main"
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"article_show"
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"_security_main"
_stopwatch_token 
"571325"
category 
"global-economy"
slug 
"some-economic-consequences-of-the-near-extinction-of-the-buffalo"

Request Headers

Header Value
accept 
"*/*"
accept-encoding 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
connection 
"close"
cookie 
"PHPSESSID=96ui2vmsgqloj65eljvrc9uqlf; care_did=e9aca71b-616f-42bc-8949-496ce7a21c6d"
host 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
user-agent 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
x-php-ob-level 
"1"

Request Content

Request content not available (it was retrieved as a resource).

Response

Response Headers

Header Value
cache-control 
"no-cache, private"
content-type 
"text/html; charset=UTF-8"
date 
"Sat, 22 Feb 2025 13:25:23 GMT"
link 
"</build/runtime.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/644.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/502.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/view-more.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/term-condition.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/contact.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/scroll-infinite-article.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/cookie-style.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/term-condition-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/contact-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/comment-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style""
x-debug-token 
"797030"

Cookies

Request Cookies

Key Value
PHPSESSID 
"96ui2vmsgqloj65eljvrc9uqlf"
care_did 
"e9aca71b-616f-42bc-8949-496ce7a21c6d"

Response Cookies

No response cookies

Session 6

Session Metadata

Key Value
Created 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 13:24:53 +0000"
Last used 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 13:25:22 +0000"
Lifetime 
0

Session Attributes

Attribute Value
_csrf/https-comment 
"zFtBywYTYr65S4ItyNdLW0whFjW_fk5pDPrtiy67byE"
_csrf/https-cookie_accept 
"f2TA11ZITI5YXLUH2-pIPBRRbyMelHHxHokvh9YJaRQ"

Session Usage

6 Usages
Stateless check enabled
Usage
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:79
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:52
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:56
Show trace 
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    "line" => 181
    "function" => "show"
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    "type" => "->"
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    "function" => "handleRaw"
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    "line" => 197
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    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
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  [
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    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
    "type" => "->"
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      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
  ]
]
Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage:41
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-core/Authentication/Token/Storage/UsageTrackingTokenStorage.php"
    "line" => 41
    "function" => "getMetadataBag"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/twig-bridge/AppVariable.php"
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    "function" => "getToken"
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    "function" => "handleRaw"
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    "type" => "->"
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    "function" => "handle"
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    "function" => "run"
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    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
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]
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener:171
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-http/Firewall/ContextListener.php"
    "line" => 171
    "function" => "remove"
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  [
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    "function" => "onKernelResponse"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener"
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    "function" => "__invoke"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\WrappedListener"
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    "function" => "callListeners"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
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    "function" => "filterResponse"
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Flashes

Flashes

No flash messages were created.

Server Parameters

Server Parameters

Defined in .env

Key Value
APP_ENV 
"dev"
APP_SECRET 
"0a988e63f011514eaabfc650b599af4d"
CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN 
"*"
DATABASE_URL 
"mysql://bbndb_rctuser:33F5W25z40or0f7@localhost:3306/rct_bbntimes"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAANxzTG8ZMfIjil1wu-1vrQvnUt-x"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAAENKcn73MJAhQrbtQeqgyC4wDLMP"
MAILER_DSN 
"smtp://no-reply%40rct.dev.bbntimes.com:Bl6%26gLD48%26Of919@rct.dev.bbntimes.com:465"
MARIADB_PASSWORD 
"i!87pK&!85ezc8"

Defined as regular env variables

Key Value
APP_DEBUG 
"1"
BASE 
"/public"
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
CONTEXT_PREFIX 
""
DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
FCGI_ROLE 
"RESPONDER"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE 
"CGI/1.1"
HTTPS 
"on"
HTTP_ACCEPT 
"*/*"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_CONNECTION 
"close"
HTTP_COOKIE 
"PHPSESSID=96ui2vmsgqloj65eljvrc9uqlf; care_did=e9aca71b-616f-42bc-8949-496ce7a21c6d"
HTTP_HOST 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PATH 
"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
PHP_SELF 
"/public/index.php"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_CGI_INDEX 
"plesk-php81-fastcgi"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_INI 
"/var/www/vhosts/system/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/etc/php.ini"
QUERY_STRING 
""
REDIRECT_BASE 
"/public"
REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/some-economic-consequences-of-the-near-extinction-of-the-buffalo"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/some-economic-consequences-of-the-near-extinction-of-the-buffalo"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nQQpDyWLT8YV1VjBpTpQAAAJY"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/some-economic-consequences-of-the-near-extinction-of-the-buffalo"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/some-economic-consequences-of-the-near-extinction-of-the-buffalo"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nQQpDyWLT8YV1VjBpTpQAAAJY"
REDIRECT_URL 
"/public/global-economy/some-economic-consequences-of-the-near-extinction-of-the-buffalo"
REMOTE_ADDR 
"3.144.26.77"
REMOTE_PORT 
"60768"
REQUEST_METHOD 
"GET"
REQUEST_SCHEME 
"https"
REQUEST_TIME 
1740230722
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT 
1740230722.9654
REQUEST_URI 
"/global-economy/some-economic-consequences-of-the-near-extinction-of-the-buffalo"
SCRIPT_FILENAME 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_NAME 
"/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/some-economic-consequences-of-the-near-extinction-of-the-buffalo"
SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/some-economic-consequences-of-the-near-extinction-of-the-buffalo"
SERVER_ADDR 
"5.196.1.209"
SERVER_ADMIN 
"[no address given]"
SERVER_NAME 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SERVER_PORT 
"443"
SERVER_PROTOCOL 
"HTTP/1.1"
SERVER_SIGNATURE 
"<address>Apache Server at rct.dev.bbntimes.com Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE 
"Apache"
SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SYMFONY_DOTENV_VARS 
"APP_ENV,APP_SECRET,DATABASE_URL,MARIADB_PASSWORD,CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN,MAILER_DSN,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY"
UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nQQpDyWLT8YV1VjBpTpQAAAJY"

Sub Requests 6

CookieController :: renderAnalysis (token = c74c55)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderAnalysis"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"1592e1"

AppController :: renderHeader (token = e46027)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderHeader"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"bf0400"
slug 
"home"

ArticleController :: trendingArticle (token = 1173d4)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::trendingArticle"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"52ad59"
category 
"Global Economy"

ArticleController :: relatedArticles (token = 0d7a44)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::relatedArticles"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"3652bd"
current_article 
App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 3690
  -title: "Some Economic Consequences of the Near-Extinction of the Buffalo"
  -slug: "some-economic-consequences-of-the-near-extinction-of-the-buffalo"
  -introtext: "<p class="p1"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="s1">T</span>he American buffalo population declined gradually through much of the 19th century; for example, they were almost entirely gone from the area east of the Mississippi River by the 1830s. But the near-extinction of the buffalo happened in a rush of about a decade, with a decline from 10-15 million in the early 1870s to only a few hundred by the late 1880s.&nbsp;<span class="s2">Economic research from a few years ago suggests that the driving force was an 1872 innovation in tanning technology which happened in Europe, and an associated strong demand in Europe for buffalo hides</span>. The 19th century buffalo herds were endangered by many factors, but it was pressure from globalization that drove them to near-extinction.</span></p>\r\n"
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p class="p3"><span class="s3" style="color: #000000;">The decline of the buffalo also had strong effects on the welfare of the Native American population, as explored in&nbsp;<span class="s2">"The Slaughter of the Bison and Reversal of Fortunes on the Great Plains," by&nbsp;Donna Feir,&nbsp;Rob Gillezeau, and&nbsp;Maggie E.C. Jones,</span>&nbsp;a working paper at the Center for Indian Country Development at the Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis (posted January 14, 2019).</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p3"><span class="s3" style="color: #000000;">Basically, their research strategy was to compare areas where buffalo disappeared more gradually over time with areas where the disappearance was more abrupt, and to compared Native American tribes that had greater or lesser reliance on the buffalo herds. They found data on the the height, gender, and age of over 15,000 Native Americans collected between 1889 and 1903 by a physical anthropologist named Franz Boas.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p3"><span class="s3" style="color: #000000;">They suggest that the disappearance of the bison as a meaningful economic resource had both medium-terms and longer-term effects. The medium term effect was a reduction in height. As they write in the abstract: "We show that the bison’s slaughter led to a reversal of fortunes for the Native Americans who relied on them. Once the tallest people in the world, the generations&nbsp;of bison-reliant people born after the slaughter were among the shortest." Changes in the height of a population are often correlated with other measures of health and well-being. (For an overview of research on using health as a measure of well-being, see&nbsp;<span class="s2">"Biological Measures of the Standard of Living." by Richard H. Steckel</span><a style="color: #000000;" href="https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.22.1.129"><span class="s2">,&nbsp;</span></a>in the Winter 2008 issue of the&nbsp;<i>Journal of Economic Perspectives</i>.)</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p3"><span class="s3" style="color: #000000;">But the near-extinction of the buffalo also meant that a well-developed body of human capital became worthless. The authors write (citations omitted):</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p3" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s3" style="color: #000000;">For many tribes, the bison was used in almost every facet of life, not only as a source of food, but also skin for clothing, lodging, and blankets, and bones for tools. This array of uses for the bison was facilitated by generations of specialized human capital, which was accumulated partly in response to the plentiful and reliable nature of the animal. Historical and anthropometric evidence suggests that these bison-reliant societies were once the richest in North America, with living standards comparable to or better than their average European contemporaries. When the bison were eliminated, the resource that underpinned these societies vanished in an historical blink of the eye. ... Arguably, the decline of the bison was one of the largest devaluations of human capital in North American history ...</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">The effects of this shift appear to be long-run. The authors point out: "Today, formerly&nbsp;bison-reliant societies have between 20-40% less income per capita than the average Native&nbsp;American nation." What are some possible reasons that events from the late 19th century could still have such powerful effects more than a century later? The authors suggest three hypotheses. 1) Native Americans were often limited in their ability to move to new areas that would have allowed greater economic opportunity; 2) Some bison-reliant communities has also engaged in agriculture and built up human capital in that area, which made a shift to other production easier, but some did not; and 3) Some historical traumas seem to echo through generations, and the author show that modern suicide rates continue to be "higher among previously bison-reliant nations, and particularly so for those who were affected by the rapid slaughter."</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p5"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">A version of this article first appeared on <a style="color: #000000;" href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2019/03/some-economic-consequences-of-near.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Conversable Economist</a>.&nbsp;</span></p>
    """
  -user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1092 …}
  -createdAt: DateTime @1551969165 {#1145
    date: 2019-03-07 14:32:45.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -updatedAt: DateTime @1622221398 {#1150
    date: 2021-05-28 17:03:18.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -deletedAt: null
  -category: App\Entity\Category {#445 …}
  -status: "published"
  -imageCard: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -ImageHeader: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -featured: false
  -mainView: false
  -clicks: 4242
  -comments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1125 …}
  -reviewed_at: DateTime @1551969161 {#1148
    date: 2019-03-07 14:32:41.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -metakey: ""
  -metadesc: "The American buffalo population declined gradually through much of the 19th century; for example, they were almost entirely gone from the area east of the Mississippi River by the 1830s. But the near-extinction of the buffalo happened in a rush of about a decade, with a decline from 10-15 million in the early 1870s to only a few hundred by the late 1880s.\u{A0}"
  -robots: null
  -publishedAt: DateTime @1551969161 {#1147
    date: 2019-03-07 14:32:41.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -canonical: null
  -superTag: null
}

AppController :: renderFooter (token = 137d6d)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderFooter"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"9f251a"

CookieController :: renderCookie (token = dadfec)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderCookie"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"8017ff"