GET https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/black-white-racial-inequality-a-place-based-look

Response
200 OK
IP
3.147.195.15
Profiled on
Token
7d380b

ArticleController :: show

Request

GET Parameters

None

POST Parameters

None

Uploaded Files

None

Request Attributes

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::show"
_firewall_context 
"security.firewall.map.context.main"
_links 
Symfony\Component\WebLink\GenericLinkProvider {#3674
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      -attributes: [
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    3793 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3793
      -href: "/build/644.js"
      -rel: [
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      -attributes: [
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    3792 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3792
      -href: "/build/502.js"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3791 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3791
      -href: "/build/app.js"
      -rel: [
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      -attributes: [
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      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3789 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3789
      -href: "/build/term-condition.js"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3788 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3788
      -href: "/build/contact.js"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3787 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3787
      -href: "/build/scroll-infinite-article.js"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3786 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3786
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      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3785 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3785
      -href: "/build/cookie-style.css"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
    }
    3784 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3784
      -href: "/build/term-condition-css.css"
      -rel: [
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      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3783 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3783
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      -rel: [
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      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3782 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3782
      -href: "/build/comment-css.css"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
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}
_route 
"article_show"
_route_params 
[
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  "slug" => "black-white-racial-inequality-a-place-based-look"
]
_security_firewall_run 
"_security_main"
_stopwatch_token 
"faa973"
category 
"global-economy"
slug 
"black-white-racial-inequality-a-place-based-look"

Request Headers

Header Value
accept 
"*/*"
accept-encoding 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
connection 
"close"
cookie 
"PHPSESSID=fnfu2kv8q1mqstu7etckbpgjpt"
host 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
user-agent 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
x-php-ob-level 
"1"

Request Content

Request content not available (it was retrieved as a resource).

Response

Response Headers

Header Value
cache-control 
"no-cache, private"
content-type 
"text/html; charset=UTF-8"
date 
"Sat, 22 Feb 2025 13:42:01 GMT"
link 
"</build/runtime.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/644.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/502.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/view-more.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/term-condition.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/contact.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/scroll-infinite-article.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/cookie-style.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/term-condition-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/contact-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/comment-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style""
x-debug-token 
"7d380b"

Cookies

Request Cookies

Key Value
PHPSESSID 
"fnfu2kv8q1mqstu7etckbpgjpt"

Response Cookies

No response cookies

Session 6

Session Metadata

Key Value
Created 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 13:41:34 +0000"
Last used 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 13:41:58 +0000"
Lifetime 
0

Session Attributes

Attribute Value
_csrf/https-comment 
"LdZixLerJURtw-1njr1YWu21OKCZvNJoMrlF8TvrAB0"
_csrf/https-cookie_accept 
"i3okzb-f3IDfeN5raoNDZcZBFd3959N_KLQNEg8Mlrs"

Session Usage

6 Usages
Stateless check enabled
Usage
Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:76
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:79
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:52
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:56
Show trace 
[
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    "function" => "show"
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    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
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    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
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]
Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage:41
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-core/Authentication/Token/Storage/UsageTrackingTokenStorage.php"
    "line" => 41
    "function" => "getMetadataBag"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/twig-bridge/AppVariable.php"
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    "function" => "getToken"
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    "function" => "handleRaw"
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    "function" => "run"
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  [
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    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
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]
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener:171
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-http/Firewall/ContextListener.php"
    "line" => 171
    "function" => "remove"
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  [
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    "line" => 116
    "function" => "onKernelResponse"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
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    "line" => 220
    "function" => "__invoke"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\WrappedListener"
    "type" => "->"
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    "function" => "callListeners"
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]

Flashes

Flashes

No flash messages were created.

Server Parameters

Server Parameters

Defined in .env

Key Value
APP_ENV 
"dev"
APP_SECRET 
"0a988e63f011514eaabfc650b599af4d"
CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN 
"*"
DATABASE_URL 
"mysql://bbndb_rctuser:33F5W25z40or0f7@localhost:3306/rct_bbntimes"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAANxzTG8ZMfIjil1wu-1vrQvnUt-x"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAAENKcn73MJAhQrbtQeqgyC4wDLMP"
MAILER_DSN 
"smtp://no-reply%40rct.dev.bbntimes.com:Bl6%26gLD48%26Of919@rct.dev.bbntimes.com:465"
MARIADB_PASSWORD 
"i!87pK&!85ezc8"

Defined as regular env variables

Key Value
APP_DEBUG 
"1"
BASE 
"/public"
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
CONTEXT_PREFIX 
""
DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
FCGI_ROLE 
"RESPONDER"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE 
"CGI/1.1"
HTTPS 
"on"
HTTP_ACCEPT 
"*/*"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_CONNECTION 
"close"
HTTP_COOKIE 
"PHPSESSID=fnfu2kv8q1mqstu7etckbpgjpt"
HTTP_HOST 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PATH 
"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
PHP_SELF 
"/public/index.php"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_CGI_INDEX 
"plesk-php81-fastcgi"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_INI 
"/var/www/vhosts/system/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/etc/php.ini"
QUERY_STRING 
""
REDIRECT_BASE 
"/public"
REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/black-white-racial-inequality-a-place-based-look"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/black-white-racial-inequality-a-place-based-look"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nUJ5DyWLT8YV1VjBpZpgAAAIk"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/black-white-racial-inequality-a-place-based-look"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/black-white-racial-inequality-a-place-based-look"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nUJ5DyWLT8YV1VjBpZpgAAAIk"
REDIRECT_URL 
"/public/global-economy/black-white-racial-inequality-a-place-based-look"
REMOTE_ADDR 
"3.147.195.15"
REMOTE_PORT 
"11927"
REQUEST_METHOD 
"GET"
REQUEST_SCHEME 
"https"
REQUEST_TIME 
1740231720
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT 
1740231720.4547
REQUEST_URI 
"/global-economy/black-white-racial-inequality-a-place-based-look"
SCRIPT_FILENAME 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_NAME 
"/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/black-white-racial-inequality-a-place-based-look"
SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/black-white-racial-inequality-a-place-based-look"
SERVER_ADDR 
"5.196.1.209"
SERVER_ADMIN 
"[no address given]"
SERVER_NAME 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SERVER_PORT 
"443"
SERVER_PROTOCOL 
"HTTP/1.1"
SERVER_SIGNATURE 
"<address>Apache Server at rct.dev.bbntimes.com Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE 
"Apache"
SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SYMFONY_DOTENV_VARS 
"APP_ENV,APP_SECRET,DATABASE_URL,MARIADB_PASSWORD,CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN,MAILER_DSN,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY"
UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nUJ5DyWLT8YV1VjBpZpgAAAIk"

Sub Requests 6

CookieController :: renderAnalysis (token = 4833b1)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderAnalysis"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"7ea25b"

AppController :: renderHeader (token = 5a748a)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderHeader"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"5fad0b"
slug 
"home"

ArticleController :: trendingArticle (token = a0287d)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::trendingArticle"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"f08477"
category 
"Global Economy"

ArticleController :: relatedArticles (token = 1e8405)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::relatedArticles"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"5237cf"
current_article 
App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 2766
  -title: "Black & White Racial Inequality: A Place-Based Look"
  -slug: "black-white-racial-inequality-a-place-based-look"
  -introtext: """
    <p><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">The black population is not equally distributed across the United States: not equally across regions of the country, nor within metropolitan areas. This unequal distribution&nbsp;is in substantial part a result of historical event and policy decisions, many of them rooted in racism. As a result, policies that certain regions of the country more than others, or certain parts of metropolitan areas more than others, will inevitably have disparate racial effects.</span></p>\r\n
    <div id="post-body-8512886327872826734" class="post-body entry-content" itemprop="description articleBody">
    """
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">Bradley L. Hardy, Trevon D. Logan, and John Parman lay out the evidence and arguments for these and related claims in "The Historical Role of Race and Policy for Regional Inequality," which appears as a chapter in&nbsp;<a href="https://www.brookings.edu/multi-chapter-report/place-based-policies-for-shared-economic-growth/"><span class="s2">P<i>lace-Based Policies for Shared Economic Growth</i>, edited by Jay Shambaugh and Ryan Nunn&nbsp;</span></a>(Hamilton Project at the Brookings Institution, September 2018)</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">Here's a map showing the share of the population that is black on a county-by-county basis across the United States. As the figure shows, most of the predominantly black counties are in the southeastern region.</span></p>\r\n
    <br /><br />\r\n
    <div class="separator"><a href="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AQ6fcTbrnu0/W7eJUvm7crI/AAAAAAAAJLg/P9X0RgW4jYc-Hvh2NUhZPrkz-yd3y3JHwCLcBGAs/s1600/race%2Bplace%2B1.jpg"><img src="https://4.bp.blogspot.com/-AQ6fcTbrnu0/W7eJUvm7crI/AAAAAAAAJLg/P9X0RgW4jYc-Hvh2NUhZPrkz-yd3y3JHwCLcBGAs/s400/race%2Bplace%2B1.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="346" border="0" data-original-height="953" data-original-width="1099" /></a></div>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1"><br />If you compare this map of counties with a high share of black residents with a map showing poverty rates by county, you find considerable overlap.&nbsp; If you compare this map of counties with a high share of black resident with a map showing "economic mobility" rates by county, you also find high overlap.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">As a measure of economic mobility, the authors cite evidence on "the mean income rank of black children growing up in a household at the 25th income percentile."</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">"Under complete economic mobility, the expected income rank of the child will simply be the mean income rank for the population, the 50th percentile. If there is no mobility, the expected income rank of the child will be that of their parents, the 25th percentile in this case. ... In counties with a majority black population, a black child born to parents in the 25th income percentile achieves a mean income rank of only 32, barely any movement up the income ladder, while white children from the same counties achieve a mean income rank of 43. Not only do black households tend to live in regions with low incomes, but these regions also experience lower levels of economic mobility, potentially exacerbating regional inequality from one generation to the next. ... [B]lack children growing up in the 25th income percentile reach much lower rungs on the income ladder relative to white children growing up at the same income level in the same commuting zone. ..."</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">The black population is also distributed unequally across metro areas.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">"These black–white differences vary across regions. In the South white and black households are roughly equally likely to live in metropolitan areas: 83 percent of white individuals and 86 percent of black individuals live in metropolitan areas. However, the Northeast and Midwest regions present stark differences in the locations of white and black households. Metropolitan areas contain 96 percent of the black population in the Midwest and 99 percent of the black population in the Northeast. These shares are far lower for the white population, particularly in the Midwest where only 75 percent of the white population lives in metropolitan areas."</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">These differences in the concentration of the black population are of course linked closely to historical patterns. For example, the prevalence of rural counties in the south with a high share of black resident of course echoes the patterns set in the aftermath of slavery. The authors write:</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">"As of 1880, 90 percent of the black population still lived in the South and 87 percent of the black population lived in a rural area. In contrast, only 24 percent of the white population lived in the South, and 72 percent of the white population lived in rural areas. This meant that black individuals were disproportionately affected by constraints on economic opportunity in the rural South. Over the second half of the 19th century, incomes in the South and the North diverged significantly, with average income in the South only half of the national average by 1900 ,,,&nbsp; The destruction caused by the Civil War and the emergence of northern manufacturing while the southern economy remained predominantly agricultural contributed to these trends. The black population therefore found itself in a region with far less economic opportunity than the rest of the nation."</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">As the authors also note, the lack of opportunity for rural southern blacks was reinforced by racism&nbsp; by individuals, employers, social institutions and government, which affected education, labor markets, and political participation.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">This lack of opportunity stirred what is called the "Great Migration" of blacks from the American south to northern cities, a pattern that lasted into the 1960s and which helped to reduce black-white gaps in income and other areas. But when blacks arrived in northern cities, there was rising segregation by race. Some of this was flight of white residents to suburbs outside central cities. When whites moved, the main locations of employers often moved with them.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">Another factor was covenants in housing deeds that blocked houses from being sold to non-whites. For the record, such covenants were not "unenforcable until&nbsp;Supreme Court’s Shelley v. Kraemer decision in 1948. However, racial restrictions were often still written into deeds until it became illegal to do so in 1968 with the passage of the Fair Housing Act." It was also common to link the risk of mortgage lending to the racial composition of a neighborhood, which had long-lasting effects on property values and city housing and economic patterns.<br /><br /></span></p>\r\n
    <br />\r\n
    <div class="separator"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kYeygjsUzc4/W7eO9swcB7I/AAAAAAAAJLs/ww7BnV2f7skBhgAdigZ1gKLMclr3dDrKQCLcBGAs/s1600/race%2Bplace%2B2.jpg"><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-kYeygjsUzc4/W7eO9swcB7I/AAAAAAAAJLs/ww7BnV2f7skBhgAdigZ1gKLMclr3dDrKQCLcBGAs/s400/race%2Bplace%2B2.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="317" border="0" data-original-height="869" data-original-width="1093" /></a></div>\r\n
    <br />\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">In turn, these patterns of black-white segregation within metro areas have been reflected in other social patterns, like inner-city schools with high shares of black students that do not seem to perform very well, and conflicts in inner cities between areas with a high share of black residents that have high levels of conflict with police and&nbsp; high rates of incarceration. As the authors write:</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1">"Neighborhoods with a significant share of blacks in America’s major cities have lagged white&nbsp;neighborhoods on key socioeconomic indicators since at least the 1970s, including earnings, poverty, educational attainment, and employment. These gaps in neighborhood amenities and neighborhood quality persist into the 2000s."</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">There are complex interactions in between economic forces, social forces, individual decisions and location choices, employer decisions, intentionally racist policies, policies not necessarily rooted in racism but with disparate racial effects, and so on. The authors are suitably restrained in making any attempt in this essay to attempt a grand synthesis. But they are not so much building a specific model as making a broader point. As they write, "the majority of historical discriminatory policies are off the books." But the geographic location patterns of the current black population was heavily shaped over the last century-and-a-half by those policies. Moreover, the&nbsp; geographic location patterns of the black population are closely linked to the continuing inequalities of outcomes experienced by the black population.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">&nbsp;A version of this article first appeared on <a href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2018/10/blackwhite-racial-inequality-place.html"><span class="s2">Conversable Economist</span></a>.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    </div>\r\n
    <div class="post-footer">&nbsp;</div>
    """
  -user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1092 …}
  -createdAt: DateTime @1539014455 {#1145
    date: 2018-10-08 16:00:55.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -updatedAt: DateTime @1539095604 {#1150
    date: 2018-10-09 14:33:24.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -deletedAt: null
  -category: App\Entity\Category {#445 …}
  -status: "published"
  -imageCard: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -ImageHeader: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -featured: false
  -mainView: false
  -clicks: 4044
  -comments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1125 …}
  -reviewed_at: DateTime @1539014452 {#1148
    date: 2018-10-08 16:00:52.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -metakey: ""
  -metadesc: "The black population is not equally distributed across the United States: not equally across regions of the country, nor within metropolitan areas. This unequal distribution\u{A0}is in substantial part a result of historical event and policy decisions, many of them rooted in racism. As a result, policies that certain regions of the country more than others, or certain parts of metropolitan areas more than others, will inevitably have disparate racial effects."
  -robots: null
  -publishedAt: DateTime @1539014452 {#1147
    date: 2018-10-08 16:00:52.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -canonical: null
  -superTag: null
}

AppController :: renderFooter (token = 223477)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderFooter"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"e79f44"

CookieController :: renderCookie (token = ae554d)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderCookie"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"e7cbc1"