GET https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/science/6-things-we-learned-from-the-latest-pandemic-crisis

ArticleController :: show

Request

GET Parameters

None

POST Parameters

None

Uploaded Files

None

Request Attributes

Key Value
_controller
"App\Controller\ArticleController::show"
_firewall_context
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_links
Symfony\Component\WebLink\GenericLinkProvider {#3575
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    3688 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3688
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    3686 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3686
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    3685 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3685
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    3684 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3684
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    3683 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3683
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]
_security_firewall_run
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_stopwatch_token
"2f4732"
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"science"
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"6-things-we-learned-from-the-latest-pandemic-crisis"

Request Headers

Header Value
accept
"*/*"
accept-encoding
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
connection
"close"
cookie
"PHPSESSID=u9pqrsuspuj7p10es8assn47st"
host
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
user-agent
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
x-php-ob-level
"1"

Request Content

Request content not available (it was retrieved as a resource).

Response

Response Headers

Header Value
cache-control
"no-cache, private"
content-type
"text/html; charset=UTF-8"
date
"Sun, 03 Aug 2025 01:44:40 GMT"
link
"</build/runtime.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/644.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/502.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/view-more.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/term-condition.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/contact.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/scroll-infinite-article.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/cookie-style.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/term-condition-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/contact-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/comment-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style""
x-debug-token
"91e19a"

Cookies

Request Cookies

Key Value
PHPSESSID
"u9pqrsuspuj7p10es8assn47st"

Response Cookies

No response cookies

Session 6

Session Metadata

Key Value
Created
"Sun, 03 Aug 25 01:44:17 +0000"
Last used
"Sun, 03 Aug 25 01:44:39 +0000"
Lifetime
0

Session Attributes

Attribute Value
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_csrf/https-cookie_accept
"xjy_HsULNpOnXAnfAut0E9RiiMsgf-XP6VzAuSU4z30"

Session Usage

6 Usages
Stateless check enabled
Usage
Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:76
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:79
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    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/Kernel.php"
    "line" => 197
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/runtime/Runner/Symfony/HttpKernelRunner.php"
    "line" => 35
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Kernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    "line" => 29
    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
  ]
]
Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage:41
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-core/Authentication/Token/Storage/UsageTrackingTokenStorage.php"
    "line" => 41
    "function" => "getMetadataBag"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/twig-bridge/AppVariable.php"
    "line" => 103
    "function" => "getToken"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/Extension/CoreExtension.php"
    "line" => 1635
    "function" => "getUser"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bridge\Twig\AppVariable"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/var/cache/dev/twig/a4/a456f2f504a18cd81037fa69e543310c.php"
    "line" => 200
    "function" => "twig_get_attribute"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/Template.php"
    "line" => 394
    "function" => "doDisplay"
    "class" => "__TwigTemplate_824a013e4f3f4a68e03a2d244e765025"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/Template.php"
    "line" => 367
    "function" => "displayWithErrorHandling"
    "class" => "Twig\Template"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/Template.php"
    "line" => 379
    "function" => "display"
    "class" => "Twig\Template"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/TemplateWrapper.php"
    "line" => 38
    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Twig\Template"
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  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/Environment.php"
    "line" => 280
    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Twig\TemplateWrapper"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/framework-bundle/Controller/AbstractController.php"
    "line" => 448
    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Twig\Environment"
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  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/framework-bundle/Controller/AbstractController.php"
    "line" => 453
    "function" => "doRenderView"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/framework-bundle/Controller/AbstractController.php"
    "line" => 253
    "function" => "doRender"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/src/Controller/AppController.php"
    "line" => 126
    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
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  [
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    "line" => 181
    "function" => "renderHeader"
    "class" => "App\Controller\AppController"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpCache/SubRequestHandler.php"
    "line" => 86
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/Fragment/InlineFragmentRenderer.php"
    "line" => 78
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpCache\SubRequestHandler"
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  [
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    "line" => 83
    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Fragment\InlineFragmentRenderer"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
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    "line" => 47
    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Fragment\FragmentHandler"
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  ]
  [
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    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\DependencyInjection\LazyLoadingFragmentHandler"
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  [
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    "line" => 207
    "function" => "renderFragment"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/Template.php"
    "line" => 171
    "function" => "block_header"
    "class" => "__TwigTemplate_dc67cdc305f050f0a27ba7ef152f05af"
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  [
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    "function" => "displayBlock"
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    "line" => 394
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    "line" => 367
    "function" => "displayWithErrorHandling"
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  [
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    "line" => 52
    "function" => "display"
    "class" => "Twig\Template"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/Template.php"
    "line" => 394
    "function" => "doDisplay"
    "class" => "__TwigTemplate_3ce0324a396de697d1fad9fabd68df72"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/Template.php"
    "line" => 367
    "function" => "displayWithErrorHandling"
    "class" => "Twig\Template"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/Template.php"
    "line" => 379
    "function" => "display"
    "class" => "Twig\Template"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/TemplateWrapper.php"
    "line" => 38
    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Twig\Template"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/Environment.php"
    "line" => 280
    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Twig\TemplateWrapper"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/framework-bundle/Controller/AbstractController.php"
    "line" => 448
    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Twig\Environment"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/framework-bundle/Controller/AbstractController.php"
    "line" => 453
    "function" => "doRenderView"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/framework-bundle/Controller/AbstractController.php"
    "line" => 253
    "function" => "doRender"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/src/Controller/ArticleController.php"
    "line" => 277
    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 181
    "function" => "show"
    "class" => "App\Controller\ArticleController"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/Kernel.php"
    "line" => 197
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/runtime/Runner/Symfony/HttpKernelRunner.php"
    "line" => 35
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Kernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    "line" => 29
    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
  ]
]
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener:171
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-http/Firewall/ContextListener.php"
    "line" => 171
    "function" => "remove"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/Debug/WrappedListener.php"
    "line" => 116
    "function" => "onKernelResponse"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 220
    "function" => "__invoke"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\WrappedListener"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 56
    "function" => "callListeners"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/Debug/TraceableEventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 139
    "function" => "dispatch"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 214
    "function" => "dispatch"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\TraceableEventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 202
    "function" => "filterResponse"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/Kernel.php"
    "line" => 197
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/runtime/Runner/Symfony/HttpKernelRunner.php"
    "line" => 35
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Kernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    "line" => 29
    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
  ]
]

Flashes

Flashes

No flash messages were created.

Server Parameters

Server Parameters

Defined in .env

Key Value
APP_ENV
"dev"
APP_SECRET
"0a988e63f011514eaabfc650b599af4d"
CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN
"*"
DATABASE_URL
"mysql://bbndb_rctuser:33F5W25z40or0f7@localhost:3306/rct_bbntimes"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY
"6LdV5fgpAAAAANxzTG8ZMfIjil1wu-1vrQvnUt-x"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY
"6LdV5fgpAAAAAENKcn73MJAhQrbtQeqgyC4wDLMP"
MAILER_DSN
"smtp://no-reply%40rct.dev.bbntimes.com:Bl6%26gLD48%26Of919@rct.dev.bbntimes.com:465"
MARIADB_PASSWORD
"i!87pK&!85ezc8"

Defined as regular env variables

Key Value
APP_DEBUG
"1"
BASE
"/public"
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
CONTEXT_PREFIX
""
DOCUMENT_ROOT
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
FCGI_ROLE
"RESPONDER"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE
"CGI/1.1"
HTTPS
"on"
HTTP_ACCEPT
"*/*"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_CONNECTION
"close"
HTTP_COOKIE
"PHPSESSID=u9pqrsuspuj7p10es8assn47st"
HTTP_HOST
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY
"0"
PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY
"0"
PATH
"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
PHP_SELF
"/public/index.php"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_CGI_INDEX
"plesk-php81-fastcgi"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_INI
"/var/www/vhosts/system/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/etc/php.ini"
QUERY_STRING
""
REDIRECT_BASE
"/public"
REDIRECT_HTTPS
"on"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY
"0"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_HTTPS
"on"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/science/6-things-we-learned-from-the-latest-pandemic-crisis"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL
"/science/6-things-we-learned-from-the-latest-pandemic-crisis"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_STATUS
"200"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID
"aI6_Bgqm3kSTIwj0022RdAAAANQ"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/science/6-things-we-learned-from-the-latest-pandemic-crisis"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL
"/science/6-things-we-learned-from-the-latest-pandemic-crisis"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_STATUS
"200"
REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID
"aI6_Bgqm3kSTIwj0022RdAAAANQ"
REDIRECT_URL
"/public/science/6-things-we-learned-from-the-latest-pandemic-crisis"
REMOTE_ADDR
"216.73.216.165"
REMOTE_PORT
"59583"
REQUEST_METHOD
"GET"
REQUEST_SCHEME
"https"
REQUEST_TIME
1754185478
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT
1754185478.9368
REQUEST_URI
"/science/6-things-we-learned-from-the-latest-pandemic-crisis"
SCRIPT_FILENAME
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_NAME
"/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_URI
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/science/6-things-we-learned-from-the-latest-pandemic-crisis"
SCRIPT_URL
"/science/6-things-we-learned-from-the-latest-pandemic-crisis"
SERVER_ADDR
"5.196.1.209"
SERVER_ADMIN
"[no address given]"
SERVER_NAME
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SERVER_PORT
"443"
SERVER_PROTOCOL
"HTTP/1.1"
SERVER_SIGNATURE
"<address>Apache Server at rct.dev.bbntimes.com Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE
"Apache"
SSL_TLS_SNI
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SYMFONY_DOTENV_VARS
"APP_ENV,APP_SECRET,DATABASE_URL,MARIADB_PASSWORD,CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN,MAILER_DSN,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY"
UNIQUE_ID
"aI6_Bgqm3kSTIwj0022RdAAAANQ"

Sub Requests 6

ArticleController :: relatedArticles (token = defca6)

Key Value
_controller
"App\Controller\ArticleController::relatedArticles"
_format
"html"
_locale
"en"
_stopwatch_token
"5d7033"
current_article
App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 2783
  -title: "Economics Nobel 2018: William Nordhaus and Paul Romer"
  -slug: "economics-nobel-2018-william-nordhaus-and-paul-romer"
  -introtext: "<p class="p2"><span class="s1">Both William Nordhaus and Paul Romer are deserving of a Nobel Prize in Economics, but I was not expecting them to win it during the same year.&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economics/2018/press-release/"><span class="s2">The Nobel committee found a way to glue them together. Nordhaus won the prize "“for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis," while Romer won the prize “for integrating technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis.”</span></a>&nbsp;Yes, the words "climate change" and "technological innovations" might seem to suggest that they worked on different topics. But with the help of "integrating ... into long-run macroeconomic analysis," Nordhaus and Romer are now indissolubly joined as winners of the 2018 Nobel prize.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n"
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">Each year, the Nobel committee releases two essays describing the work of the winner: for the general reader, they offer "<a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/10/popular-economicsciencesprize2018.pdf"><span class="s2">Popular Science Background:&nbsp;Integrating nature and knowledge into economics</span></a>"; for those who speak some economics and don't mind an essay with some algebra in the explanations, there&nbsp;is "<a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/uploads/2018/10/advanced-economicsciencesprize2018.pdf"><span class="s2">Scientific Background: Economic growth, technological change, and climate change</span></a>." I'll draw on both essays here. But I'll take the easy way out and just discuss the two authors one at a time, rather than trying to glue their contributions&nbsp; together.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">Back in the 1970s, the federal government had just recently taken on a primary role in setting and enforcing environmental laws, with a set of amendments in 1970 that greatly expanded the reach of the Clear Air Act and another set of amendments in 1972 that greatly expanded the reach of the Clean Water Act. As far back as the mid-1970s, William Nordhaus was estimating models of energy consumption that explored the lowest-cost ways of keeping&nbsp; CO<sub>2&nbsp;</sub>concentrations low in seven different "reservoirs" of carbon: "(i) the troposphere (&lt;' 10 kilometers), (ii) the stratosphere, (iii) the upper layers of the ocean (0–60 meters), (iv) the deep ocean (&gt; 60 meters), (v) the short-term biosphere, (vi) the long-term biosphere, and (vii) the marine biosphere."</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">By the early 1990s, Nordhaus was creating what are called "Integrated Assessment Models," which have become the primary analytical tool for looking at climate change. An IAM breaks up the task of analyzing climate change into three "modules", which the Nobel committee describes in this way:&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1"><span style="color: #808080;"><b>A carbon-circulation module:</b>&nbsp;</span>This describes how global CO<sub>2&nbsp;</sub>emissions influence CO<sub>2&nbsp;</sub>&nbsp;concentration in the atmosphere. It reflects basic chemistry and describes how CO<sub>2&nbsp;</sub>emissions circulate between three carbon reservoirs: the atmosphere; the ocean surface and the biosphere; and the deep oceans. The module’s output is a time path of atmospheric CO<sub>2&nbsp;</sub>&nbsp;concentration.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1"><span style="color: #808080;"><b>A climate module:</b></span>&nbsp;This describes how the atmospheric concentration of CO<sub>2&nbsp;</sub>and other greenhouse gases affects the balance of energy flows to and from Earth. It reflects basic physics and describes changes in the global energy budget over time. The module’s output is a time path for global temperature, the key measure of climate change.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1"><span style="color: #808080;"><b>An economic-growth module:</b>&nbsp;</span>This describes a global market economy that produces goods using capital and labour, along with energy, as inputs. One portion of this energy comes from fossil fuel, which generates CO<sub>2&nbsp;</sub>emissions. This module describes how different climate policies – such as taxes or carbon credits – affect the economy and its CO<sub>2&nbsp;</sub>&nbsp;emissions. The module’s output is a time path of GDP, welfare and global CO<sub>2&nbsp;</sub>emissions, as well as a time path of the damage caused by climate change.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">A number of different IAMs now exist. The usefulness of the framework is that one can plug in a range of assumptions--how much energy will an economy use, how will this affect CO<sub>2</sub>&nbsp;in the atmosphere, how will it affect overall climate--and develop a sense of what factors or assumption matter most or least. These are quantitative models: that is, you can plug in a policy like a carbon tax, and then trace through its economic and environmental effects, and consider costs and benefits.&nbsp;<a href="http://www.nber.org/reporter/2017number3/nordhaus.html"><span class="s2">Nordhaus offers a readable overview of how this work has developed here</span></a>, with citations to the underlying academic references.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">When I was first being indoctrinated into economics in the late 1970s, the prevailing theories of economic growth were based on the work of Robert Solow (<a href="https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economics/1987/summary/"><span class="s2">Nobel '87</span></a>). A couple of implications of Solow's model are relevant here. One is that in Solow's approach, the researcher calculated increases in inputs of labor and capital for an economy, and then figured out whether those rising inputs of labor and capital could plausibly explain the overall rise in the overall amount of economic output. In these calculations for the US economy, economic output was rising faster than could be explained by the growth of labor and capital and so the additional residual amount was said to have resulted from a change in "productivity" or "technology" which needed to be understood in the broadest sense to include not just explicit scientific inventions, but all ways of rearranging inputs to get more output.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">This approach was clearly useful, and also clearly limited. Another economists (Moses Abramowitz) liked to say that because it measured technology as the leftover residual from what could not be explained through increases in labor and capital, the discussion of productivity that resulted was "a measure of our ignorance." Others sometimes referred to economic growth in this theory as "manna from heaven," falling upon the economy without much explanation. Others said that technology in this model was a "black box"--meaning that the question of how new technology was created was assumed rather than argued.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">Solow and other growth theorists working with this approach did derive some predictions about rates of economic growth. For example, they argued that growth depended on rates of investment, and that economies would experience diminishing returns as their capital stock increased. Thus, a low-income country with a low level of capital stock would have higher returns from investment than a high level of capital stock.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">But as Paul Romer noted when he began working on technology and economic growth the 1980s, this theory of productivity growth seemed inadequate. There were many examples of low-income countries that were growing quickly, but also many examples of low-income countries growing moderately, slowly, or even negatively. Something more than capital investment seemed important here. In addition,</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">From the Nobel "popular science" report:&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1">"Romer’s biggest achievement was to open this black box and show how ideas for new goods and services – produced by new technologies – can be created in the market economy. He also demonstrated how such endogenous technological change can shape growth, and which policies are necessary for this process to work well. Romer’s contributions had a massive impact on the feld of economics. His theoretical explanation laid the foundation for research on endogenous growth and the debates generated by his country-wise growth comparisons have ignited new and vibrant empirical research. ...</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1">"Romer believed that a market model for idea creation must allow for the fact that the production of new goods, which are based on ideas, usually has rapidly declining costs: the frst blueprint has a large fxed cost, but replication/reproduction has small marginal costs. Such a cost structure requires that frms charge a markup, i.e. setting the price above the marginal cost, so they recoup the initial fxed cost. Firms must therefore have some monopoly power, which is only possible for sufciently excludable ideas. Romer also showed that growth driven by the accumulation of ideas, unlike growth driven by the accumulation of physical capital, does not have to experience decreasing returns. In other words, ideas-driven growth can be sustained over time."</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">Romer's approach is often describe as an "endogenous growth" model. The earlier Solow-style approach demonstrated the critical importance of growth in technology and productivity, by showing that it was impossible to explain actual long-run macroeconomic patterns without taking them into account. A Romer-style approach then seeks to explore the determinants of growth, with an emphasis on the economic power of producing and using ideas.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1">Oddly enough, Nordhaus and Romer published essays on the topics that won the Nobel prize in consecutive issues of the Journal of Economic Perspectives in Fall 1993 and Winter 1994 (full disclosure: where I have worked as Managing Editor of JEP since the start of the journal in 1987). For those who want a dose of the old stuff:</span></p>\r\n
    <ul class="ul1">\r\n
    <li class="li4"><span class="s3"><a href="https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.7.4.11"><span class="s2">Nordhaus, William D. 1993. "Reflections on the Economics of Climate Change." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 7 (4): 11-25.</span></a></span></li>\r\n
    <li class="li4"><span class="s3"><a href="https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.8.1.3"><span class="s2">Romer, Paul M. 1994. "The Origins of Endogenous Growth." Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8 (1): 3-22.</span></a></span></li>\r\n
    </ul>\r\n
    <p class="p6"><span class="s1">A version of this article first appeared on <a href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2018/10/economics-nobel-2018-william-nordhaus.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Conversable Economist</a>.&nbsp;</span></p>
    """
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  -metadesc: "Both William Nordhaus and Paul Romer are deserving of a Nobel Prize in Economics, but I was not expecting them to win it during the same year.\u{A0}The Nobel committee found a way to glue them together. Nordhaus won the prize "“for integrating climate change into long-run macroeconomic analysis," while Romer won the prize “for integrating technological innovations into long-run macroeconomic analysis.”\u{A0}Yes, the words "climate change" and "technological innovations" might seem to suggest that they worked on different topics. But with the help of "integrating ... into long-run macroeconomic analysis," Nordhaus and Romer are now indissolubly joined as winners of the 2018 Nobel prize.\u{A0}"
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ArticleController :: trendingArticle (token = 79fddd)

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ArticleController :: relatedArticles (token = ef30cf)

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App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 11891
  -title: "6 Things We Learned From The Latest Pandemic Crisis"
  -slug: "6-things-we-learned-from-the-latest-pandemic-crisis"
  -introtext: "<p>Just two years ago, you would not have been able to recognize the phrases "flatten the curve" and "social distancing".</p>\r\n"
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p>The thought of being restricted to your house and wearing a face mask would seem silly and unlikely. It would all change during early 2020, that too in a matter of months. While the pandemic has given rise to new challenges, it also made way for valuable lessons. Here are six things we learned from the latest pandemic crisis.</p>\r\n
    <p><img src="/images/Essential_Workers_Are_Heroes.png" alt="Essential_Workers_Are_Heroes.png" width="600" height="400" /></p>\r\n
    <h2>1. Essential Workers Are Heroes</h2>\r\n
    <p>Even though it is long overdue, health care providers, supermarket employees, delivery drivers, and other essential workers are finally receiving the praise and recognition they deserve. It was due to their efforts that everyone believed <a href="society/giving-up-is-never-an-option-in-life" target="_blank">giving up</a> was not an option. Essential workers took on longer shifts, exposed themselves to hazardous environments, and ensured that everything kept running as normal despite the adversity.&nbsp;</p>\r\n
    <p>The sacrifices they made during the pandemic have not gone unnoticed. As a goodwill gesture, show gratitude for these everyday heroes.&nbsp;</p>\r\n
    <h2>2. Telehealth May Become the New Normal</h2>\r\n
    <p>If you have ever consulted a doctor online, you have already experienced Telehealth. It is a way for doctors and patients to provide and receive medical care remotely. Research shows that it is an excellent way to conduct appointments ranging from cardiology to mental health checkups. Even patients requiring a medical test can have a team of professionals come to their homes to collect the sample.&nbsp;</p>\r\n
    <p>While there are still problems that will require an in-person medical checkup, the urgency developed by <a href="https://www.zynxhealth.com/covid-19/transmission-based-precautions/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">COVID-19</a> led to a shift to Zoom for remote patient visits. Doctors will recommend at-home testing kits and encourage you to learn and track your blood pressure by yourself.</p>\r\n
    <h2>3. Speed and Trust&nbsp;</h2>\r\n
    <p>The latest pandemic instilled in everyone a need to develop a warning system for future crises. Whether it is from another pandemic or <a href="environment/top-simple-ways-to-educate-yourself-about-the-environment" target="_blank">climate change</a>, the coming global crises are not limited to an outbreak of a disease. Developing an efficient and comprehensive system is crucial.&nbsp;</p>\r\n
    <p>Before the crisis, about 4 in 10 households did not have the necessary resources and finances to cover unexpected expenses. Then the economic instability hit along with a strict curfew, and employees were laid off or given fewer shift hours. Instead of developing safety measures on a need basis, the model should consider educating the public ahead of the crisis.&nbsp;</p>\r\n
    <h2>4. The Working Panorama Shifted to Remote</h2>\r\n
    <p>Perhaps the greatest lesson the pandemic taught you and everyone is that being in an office 9 hours a day for six days a week is not as productive as companies initially thought. The sudden onset of COVID forced everyone to work remotely. Millions of workers, companies and even investors realized they could be just as productive, if not more, from home.&nbsp;</p>\r\n
    <p>High-speed internet connection and video conferencing allowed employees to be present in a meeting regardless of their geographical location. The remote-work culture is here to stay!</p>\r\n
    <h2>5. Our Minds Matter</h2>\r\n
    <p>Even though the pandemic gave birth to <a href="https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/coronavirus/in-depth/mental-health-covid-19/art-20482731#:~:text=During%20the%20COVID%2D19%20pandemic,anxiety%20and%20depression%2C%20can%20worsen." target="_blank" rel="noopener">new worries</a>, it also forced you and everyone to slow down. Everyone came to the realization that hobbies are important. Whether it's learning to cook or knitting your favorite design, the newfound enthusiasm to make the most of a pastime has helped everyone recharge.&nbsp;</p>\r\n
    <p>It could be as simple as setting aside some time every day to get in touch with your friends and family, or to work towards a dream that you had given up on long ago. Not only will it contribute to lower stress levels, but it will also keep you content and fulfilled.&nbsp;</p>\r\n
    <h2>6. There’s No Place like Outdoors</h2>\r\n
    <p>The pandemic put forward a new meaning to the outdoors. After the pandemic forced everyone inside their homes, it is no longer eating out on a sidewalk with your friends and family. After the pandemic, everyone is more willing to enjoy the outdoors. Residents' visits to local parks skyrocketed, and walks with friends are quite the norm now.&nbsp;</p>\r\n
    <p>People who were a part of the community before the pandemic now realize the importance of human connection. Those who did not have it are finally taking on the support they need. We no longer take human connection for granted and are finally reflecting on what our friends and family mean to us.</p>\r\n
    <p><img src="/images/Theres_No_Place_like_Outdoors.png" alt="Theres_No_Place_like_Outdoors.png" width="600" height="399" /></p>\r\n
    <p>Nobody can predict the outcome of the pandemic. However, one thing is for sure. We are only strong if we act together. COVID is no less than a lesson, allowing everyone to make better choices to make a meaningful difference tomorrow.</p>
    """
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