GET https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/financial/calling-a-spade-a-spade-part-2-to-know-thy-enemy

Response
200 OK
IP
3.145.158.111
Profiled on
Token
a03d79

ArticleController :: show

Request

GET Parameters

None

POST Parameters

None

Uploaded Files

None

Request Attributes

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::show"
_firewall_context 
"security.firewall.map.context.main"
_links 
Symfony\Component\WebLink\GenericLinkProvider {#3620
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    3741 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3741
      -href: "/build/runtime.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3739 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3739
      -href: "/build/644.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3738 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3738
      -href: "/build/502.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3737 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3737
      -href: "/build/app.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
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      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3736 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3736
      -href: "/build/view-more.js"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3735 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3735
      -href: "/build/term-condition.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3734 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3734
      -href: "/build/contact.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3733 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3733
      -href: "/build/scroll-infinite-article.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3732 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3732
      -href: "/build/app.css"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
    }
    3731 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3731
      -href: "/build/cookie-style.css"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
    }
    3730 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3730
      -href: "/build/term-condition-css.css"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3729 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3729
      -href: "/build/contact-css.css"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
    }
    3728 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3728
      -href: "/build/comment-css.css"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
    }
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}
_route 
"article_show"
_route_params 
[
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  "slug" => "calling-a-spade-a-spade-part-2-to-know-thy-enemy"
]
_security_firewall_run 
"_security_main"
_stopwatch_token 
"a04cdf"
category 
"financial"
slug 
"calling-a-spade-a-spade-part-2-to-know-thy-enemy"

Request Headers

Header Value
accept 
"*/*"
accept-encoding 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
connection 
"close"
cookie 
"PHPSESSID=pvq9b56anu4hmdlbc3r3s43217"
host 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
user-agent 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
x-php-ob-level 
"1"

Request Content

Request content not available (it was retrieved as a resource).

Response

Response Headers

Header Value
cache-control 
"no-cache, private"
content-type 
"text/html; charset=UTF-8"
date 
"Sat, 22 Feb 2025 13:12:10 GMT"
link 
"</build/runtime.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/644.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/502.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/view-more.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/term-condition.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/contact.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/scroll-infinite-article.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/cookie-style.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/term-condition-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/contact-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/comment-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style""
x-debug-token 
"a03d79"

Cookies

Request Cookies

Key Value
PHPSESSID 
"pvq9b56anu4hmdlbc3r3s43217"

Response Cookies

No response cookies

Session 6

Session Metadata

Key Value
Created 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 13:12:07 +0000"
Last used 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 13:12:09 +0000"
Lifetime 
0

Session Attributes

Attribute Value
_csrf/https-comment 
"XTLSfyz5GsJEe1wWGBQ9mPM-fVz20bNuwRYTa9iho2Q"
_csrf/https-cookie_accept 
"R24Se5PGhnnXjJEhVDyGaazsZQFqy_aFTb0NmxaUT2k"

Session Usage

6 Usages
Stateless check enabled
Usage
Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:76
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:79
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-csrf/TokenStorage/SessionTokenStorage.php"
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:52
Show trace 
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  [
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:56
Show trace 
[
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 181
    "function" => "show"
    "class" => "App\Controller\ArticleController"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/Kernel.php"
    "line" => 197
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/runtime/Runner/Symfony/HttpKernelRunner.php"
    "line" => 35
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Kernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    "line" => 29
    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
  ]
]
Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage:41
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-core/Authentication/Token/Storage/UsageTrackingTokenStorage.php"
    "line" => 41
    "function" => "getMetadataBag"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/twig-bridge/AppVariable.php"
    "line" => 103
    "function" => "getToken"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/Extension/CoreExtension.php"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/var/cache/dev/twig/a4/a456f2f504a18cd81037fa69e543310c.php"
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    "function" => "twig_get_attribute"
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    "function" => "doDisplay"
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    "function" => "displayWithErrorHandling"
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    "function" => "render"
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    "function" => "render"
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    "line" => 453
    "function" => "doRenderView"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/framework-bundle/Controller/AbstractController.php"
    "line" => 253
    "function" => "doRender"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
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    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
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    "function" => "renderHeader"
    "class" => "App\Controller\AppController"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpCache/SubRequestHandler.php"
    "line" => 86
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/Fragment/InlineFragmentRenderer.php"
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    "function" => "handle"
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    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Fragment\FragmentHandler"
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  [
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    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\DependencyInjection\LazyLoadingFragmentHandler"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/Template.php"
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    "function" => "block_header"
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    "function" => "displayBlock"
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    "function" => "displayWithErrorHandling"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/Template.php"
    "line" => 379
    "function" => "display"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/TemplateWrapper.php"
    "line" => 38
    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Twig\Template"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/Environment.php"
    "line" => 280
    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Twig\TemplateWrapper"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/framework-bundle/Controller/AbstractController.php"
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    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Twig\Environment"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/framework-bundle/Controller/AbstractController.php"
    "line" => 453
    "function" => "doRenderView"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/framework-bundle/Controller/AbstractController.php"
    "line" => 253
    "function" => "doRender"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/src/Controller/ArticleController.php"
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    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 181
    "function" => "show"
    "class" => "App\Controller\ArticleController"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/Kernel.php"
    "line" => 197
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/runtime/Runner/Symfony/HttpKernelRunner.php"
    "line" => 35
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Kernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    "line" => 29
    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
  ]
]
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener:171
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-http/Firewall/ContextListener.php"
    "line" => 171
    "function" => "remove"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/Debug/WrappedListener.php"
    "line" => 116
    "function" => "onKernelResponse"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 220
    "function" => "__invoke"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\WrappedListener"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 56
    "function" => "callListeners"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/Debug/TraceableEventDispatcher.php"
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    "function" => "dispatch"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 214
    "function" => "dispatch"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\TraceableEventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 202
    "function" => "filterResponse"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
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    "function" => "handleRaw"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
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    "function" => "run"
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    "function" => "require_once"
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]

Flashes

Flashes

No flash messages were created.

Server Parameters

Server Parameters

Defined in .env

Key Value
APP_ENV 
"dev"
APP_SECRET 
"0a988e63f011514eaabfc650b599af4d"
CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN 
"*"
DATABASE_URL 
"mysql://bbndb_rctuser:33F5W25z40or0f7@localhost:3306/rct_bbntimes"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAANxzTG8ZMfIjil1wu-1vrQvnUt-x"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAAENKcn73MJAhQrbtQeqgyC4wDLMP"
MAILER_DSN 
"smtp://no-reply%40rct.dev.bbntimes.com:Bl6%26gLD48%26Of919@rct.dev.bbntimes.com:465"
MARIADB_PASSWORD 
"i!87pK&!85ezc8"

Defined as regular env variables

Key Value
APP_DEBUG 
"1"
BASE 
"/public"
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
CONTEXT_PREFIX 
""
DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
FCGI_ROLE 
"RESPONDER"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE 
"CGI/1.1"
HTTPS 
"on"
HTTP_ACCEPT 
"*/*"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_CONNECTION 
"close"
HTTP_COOKIE 
"PHPSESSID=pvq9b56anu4hmdlbc3r3s43217"
HTTP_HOST 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PATH 
"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
PHP_SELF 
"/public/index.php"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_CGI_INDEX 
"plesk-php81-fastcgi"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_INI 
"/var/www/vhosts/system/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/etc/php.ini"
QUERY_STRING 
""
REDIRECT_BASE 
"/public"
REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/financial/calling-a-spade-a-spade-part-2-to-know-thy-enemy"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/financial/calling-a-spade-a-spade-part-2-to-know-thy-enemy"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nNKZDyWLT8YV1VjBpPrgAAAIg"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/financial/calling-a-spade-a-spade-part-2-to-know-thy-enemy"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/financial/calling-a-spade-a-spade-part-2-to-know-thy-enemy"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nNKZDyWLT8YV1VjBpPrgAAAIg"
REDIRECT_URL 
"/public/financial/calling-a-spade-a-spade-part-2-to-know-thy-enemy"
REMOTE_ADDR 
"3.145.158.111"
REMOTE_PORT 
"33406"
REQUEST_METHOD 
"GET"
REQUEST_SCHEME 
"https"
REQUEST_TIME 
1740229929
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT 
1740229929.9385
REQUEST_URI 
"/financial/calling-a-spade-a-spade-part-2-to-know-thy-enemy"
SCRIPT_FILENAME 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_NAME 
"/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/financial/calling-a-spade-a-spade-part-2-to-know-thy-enemy"
SCRIPT_URL 
"/financial/calling-a-spade-a-spade-part-2-to-know-thy-enemy"
SERVER_ADDR 
"5.196.1.209"
SERVER_ADMIN 
"[no address given]"
SERVER_NAME 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SERVER_PORT 
"443"
SERVER_PROTOCOL 
"HTTP/1.1"
SERVER_SIGNATURE 
"<address>Apache Server at rct.dev.bbntimes.com Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE 
"Apache"
SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SYMFONY_DOTENV_VARS 
"APP_ENV,APP_SECRET,DATABASE_URL,MARIADB_PASSWORD,CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN,MAILER_DSN,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY"
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Sub Requests 6

CookieController :: renderAnalysis (token = 7a2cb9)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderAnalysis"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"6d5386"

AppController :: renderHeader (token = 5d3a5b)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderHeader"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"2d8a7f"
slug 
"home"

ArticleController :: trendingArticle (token = c8e806)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::trendingArticle"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"83f752"
category 
"Finance"

ArticleController :: relatedArticles (token = b1db11)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::relatedArticles"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
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"c03888"
current_article 
App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 3231
  -title: "Calling A Spade A Spade Part 2: To Know The Enemy"
  -slug: "calling-a-spade-a-spade-part-2-to-know-thy-enemy"
  -introtext: "<p class="p1 quote-left"><span class="s1"><i>If you know the enemy and know yourself, you need not fear the result of a hundred battles.</i></span></p>\r\n"
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p class="p2 quote-right"><span class="s1">Sun Tzu,&nbsp;<i>The Art of War</i></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p4"><span class="s1">The above quote from Sun Tzu’s&nbsp;<i>The Art of War</i>&nbsp;carries quite profound implications, not just for military applications, but for life in general.&nbsp; The better’s one grasp of the facts of reality, the more efficacious one can be at using that knowledge advantageously. For Sun Tzu, having a clear understanding of both his and his opponent’s army allowed him to best exploit the opportunity sets available to him in battle; the same holds true for investors in the marketplace.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p4"><span class="s1">As investors, we are primarily concerned with the transaction&nbsp;<i>price</i>&nbsp;of our investments. The price at which we enter and exit investments will greatly impact our rates of return, and return maximization is the goal (within the context of a given risk tolerance). As Warren Buffett famously&nbsp;<a href="https://thefelderreport.com/2018/01/04/if-everyone-knows-pensions-are-screwed-why-are-they-investing-in-the-exact-same-fashion/"><span class="s2">stated</span></a>&nbsp;“the price you pay determines your rate of return.” Inflation, as we know, affects prices, and thus understanding its presence (or lack thereof) is noteworthy for investors.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p4"><span class="s1">In economic terms, a money-price (that is, the price of something expressed in units of currency) has two components to it, a “real” component and an inflationary one. We can think of the real price as one that is fundamentally justified – meaning one that is set by economic actors within a market economy – and the inflationary one driven by changes in the money supply. The summation of these items comprises the nominal money-price, which is that which we actually observe. This holds as true for a gallon of milk as it does for the yield on a bond.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p4"><span class="s1">Great, but so what?</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p4"><span class="s1">Well, breaking down asset prices into their subcomponents can make it easier to analyze the value proposition of an investment.&nbsp; Deconstructing an investment’s valuation could potentially allow us to express a view on both the fundamental and/or inflationary subcomponents.&nbsp; Thus, profit seeking action may be possible where otherwise it was not.&nbsp; For example, if one thought an investment’s fundamentals were improving and the inflationary environment were stable, then one could more confidently invest at relatively high valuations and potentially profit as long as those assumptions held.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p4"><span class="s1">In my view, which is by no means unique, there is currently a large inflationary component embedded in the nominal prices (i.e. valuations) of financial assets, and the cause is quantitative easing (QE) monetary policies (see&nbsp;<a href="http://integratinginvestor.com/the-great-inflation-caper-part-1-the-greatest-trick-inflation-ever-pulled/"><span class="s2">Part 1</span></a>&nbsp;for my reasoning).&nbsp; Thus, so long as QE policies are maintained, their lingering effects on prices should persist as that liquidity remains trapped (willingly or not) within the financial system.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p4"><span class="s1">However, “the times they are a changin’.”&nbsp; At least one central bank – the Fed – is reducing the amount of bonds it purchases, and recent accounts suggest others may soon follow.&nbsp; Put differently, central bankers are moving from an inflationary regime with respect to asset valuations to a&nbsp;<i>deflationary</i>&nbsp;one.&nbsp; And what exactly is a deflationary environment?&nbsp; One characterized by falling prices.&nbsp; Thus, if QE had an inflationary impact on valuations, logic would dictate that its reversal would have the opposite effect.&nbsp; As Dr. Ben Hunt&nbsp;<a href="https://www.macrovoices.com/286-dr-ben-hunt-the-federal-reserve-is-no-longer-your-friend"><span class="s2">put it</span></a>, “the Fed is no longer your friend.”</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p4"><span class="s1">However, financial markets and the “real” economy are integrated; rising and falling asset values have real world ramifications.&nbsp; Thus, QE’s impact may not have been isolated to the inflationary component of valuations.&nbsp; It may have had&nbsp;a real one as well, as a drag on economic growth (assuming that QE has been influential in lowering interest rates, which is debatable and outside the scope of this article).</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p4"><span class="s1">To this end I will first reference some more interesting&nbsp;<a href="http://epsilontheory.com/gradually-and-then-suddenly/"><span class="s2">work</span></a>&nbsp;by Dr. Hunt. The latter poetically contends that “as the tide of QE goes out, the tide of inflation comes in.&nbsp; And the more that the QE tide recedes, the more inflation comes in.”&nbsp; He believes that accommodative monetary policies have disincentivized companies from investing in their business for future growth, and thus higher rates should stimulate investment and (eventually) economic growth.&nbsp; In financial lexicon terms, it’s about reestablishing a hurdle rate for investment as Stanley Druckenmiller&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cnbc.com/video/2017/12/13/watch-cnbcs-full-interview-with-legendary-investor-stanley-druckenmiller.html?play=1"><span class="s2">noted</span></a>.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p4"><span class="s1">I wholeheartedly agree with his view.&nbsp; As the chart below illustrates, US companies have primarily used debt to repurchase their shares and other companies rather than on capital expenditures (capex).&nbsp; It often seems to me that people forget that debt must be repaid (and refinancing is a form of this); even at 0% borrowing costs, principal must be repaid.&nbsp; Capex projects generally facilitate debt’s repayment, as projects are expected to boost future cash flow, while share buy-backs do nothing of the sort. Thus higher interest rates could force companies to take a more thoughtful approach towards deploying borrowed funds, squandering less and expanding production more.<br /><br /></span></p>\r\n
    <p><img style="display: block; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;" src="/images/Debt-Fueled-Buybacks.png" alt="" /></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1" style="text-align: center;"><em><strong><span class="s1"><br />Source: Blackrock</span></strong></em></p>\r\n
    <p class="p4"><span class="s1"><br />An analogous situation may also be occurring on a personal level.&nbsp; It is generally believed by economists that lower interest rates will induce people to increase (or pull forward) their spending, as the incentives to save are lessened.&nbsp; This theory (in part) underpins QE and a lot of other mainstream economic thought.&nbsp; While such a theory may seem logical on the surface, I find it to be an unfounded assumption about human behavior.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p4"><span class="s1">For most people, the fundamental decision to save has little to do with the market rate of interest and everything to do with one’s future plan in life (though there could some&nbsp;<i>marginal</i>&nbsp;impacts). Most people amass savings in order to facilitate larger and infrequent purchases, be it a car, a house, college tuition or even retirement (which is purchased leisure time). Lowering interest rates does not change one’s desire for such things (though they admittedly can make some purchases easier to finance). They do, however, impact how quickly one can accumulate enough funds in order to meet those financials goals. Lower asset returns actually require one to save&nbsp;<i>more</i>&nbsp;as “nest eggs” compound at lower rates! Thus, higher interest rates should allow individuals to save less today (without sacrificing one’s long term goals) and potentially boost economic growth via increased spending. (I’ll also note that low rates impact corporations’ spending patterns in a similar way as it relates to the funded status of their pension plans.)</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p4"><span class="s1">Could QE’s demise provide a tailwind to the&nbsp;<i>real</i>&nbsp;component of asset valuations? If so, which impact will be greater, the negative inflationary one or the positive real one? After all, we investors only care about the net:&nbsp; nominal prices.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p4"><span class="s1">People, corporations and (thus) economies operate at their best when confidence in their ability to predict the future is highest. Omniscience is not required, but the more stable/predictable the economic lanscape, the easier it becomes to plan long term. Like a building, markets are most stable when built upon a firm foundation. The foundation for markets is price and valuation. Think of inflation as analogous to&nbsp;<a href="https://theconstructor.org/concrete/air-entrained-concrete-strength-effects/8427/"><span class="s2">mixing air into concrete</span></a>; the greater the proportion of the former, the weaker one’s formulation becomes. The further away from fundamentals valuations drift, the more susceptible they become to changes in liquidity. To put this in value investing terms, inflation lowers the&nbsp;<a href="https://www.investopedia.com/terms/m/marginofsafety.asp"><span class="s2">margin of safety</span></a>&nbsp;in markets. Thus, I contend, that QE has been a (highly) destabilizing market force in the&nbsp;<i>long term</i>.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p4"><span class="s1">What my view suggests is that economic growth, market stability and, ultimately, prosperity necessitates higher interest rates and a removal of the inflationary QE liquidity. Market economies – the most successful types in history – are best built on stable foundations of transparent and fundamentally justified prices (as determined by economic actors freely transacting), that is with valuations as close to “real” prices as possible. Clouding economic actors’ perception of these prices with inflation distorts the efficient deployment of capital. Perhaps it is no coincidence that the strength of the current recovery has paled to its historical comparisons; prices today have been clouded by central bank interventions.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p4"><span class="s1">By going through this exercise, we can now gain a wider appreciation for the negative impact that QE has likely had on the investment markets and economy. There has (arguably) been little “transmission” of the asset inflation explicitly created by these policies into the rest of the economy.&nbsp; This likely explains why much of the post-crisis market rally seems to have been so hated, as (relatively) weak fundamental performance has made it difficult to justify the ascent in valuations in real terms (though many have tried, most commonly referring to the decline in the discount rate, which is somewhat circular thinking). As a result, it is my opinion that markets are susceptible to a significant pullback should the inflationary&nbsp;regime&nbsp;<i>materially</i>&nbsp;change. In Ray Dalio’s&nbsp;<a href="https://www.cnbc.com/2017/07/07/ray-dalios-keep-dancing-advice-may-raise-some-bad-memories.html"><span class="s2">words</span></a>: “When the music stops, in terms of liquidity, things will be complicated. But as long as the music is playing, you’ve got to get up and dance. We’re still dancing.”</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p4"><span class="s1">Let us not forget that QE was an experimental policy, and there’s no shame in either experimentation or failure (both are in fact laudible!). However, changing the dialogue to fit the outcome is dishonest at best. The quicker the extraordinary monetary policies are unwound the better off we’ll be in the&nbsp;<i>long term</i>.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p4"><span class="s1">Thus, as the various central bankers around the world begin to unwind QE, the question of whether or not investment fundamentals are strong enough to weather a deflationary valuation environment is an important one. The deflation will not occur evenly in time and magnitude. Capital will flee first from those most acutely affected towards other deemed to be more insulated. Thus, presumably the U.S. Treasury bond and mortgage-backed securities markets sit at the front lines, though markets are complex and investor behavior difficult to forecast. The debate around this is likely to be fierce and stakes potentially high.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p4"><span class="s1">While certainty with respect to how markets will respond to QE’s demise (if it is even seen through) may be elusive,&nbsp;this (painstaking) exercise should help us better know our enemy –&nbsp;<i>asset</i>&nbsp;deflation; and so we, like Sun Tzu, need not fear the result of the ensuing battles.&nbsp; After all, knowing that a spade is a spade can be quite useful to an adept gardener.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p4"><span class="s1">A version of this article first appeared on <a href="https://integratinginvestor.com/calling-a-spade-a-spade-part-2-to-know-thy-enemy/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">the Integrating Investor</a>.&nbsp;</span></p>
    """
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    date: 2021-12-15 14:26:04.0 UTC (+00:00)
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    date: 2018-12-26 06:00:37.0 UTC (+00:00)
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  -metakey: ""
  -metadesc: "As investors, we are primarily concerned with the transaction\u{A0}price\u{A0}of our investments. The price at which we enter and exit investments will greatly impact our rates of return, and return maximization is the goal (within the context of a given risk tolerance). "
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AppController :: renderFooter (token = 493c2b)

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"App\Controller\AppController::renderFooter"
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"html"
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"en"
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"ae6bdb"

CookieController :: renderCookie (token = 1da985)

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"App\Controller\CookieController::renderCookie"
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"html"
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"en"
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"c9970c"