GET https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/what-is-complexity-economics

Response
200 OK
IP
3.149.232.145
Profiled on
Token
a2d101

ArticleController :: show

Request

GET Parameters

None

POST Parameters

None

Uploaded Files

None

Request Attributes

Key Value
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"*/*"
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"close"
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"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
x-php-ob-level 
"1"

Request Content

Request content not available (it was retrieved as a resource).

Response

Response Headers

Header Value
cache-control 
"no-cache, private"
content-type 
"text/html; charset=UTF-8"
date 
"Sat, 22 Feb 2025 13:48:50 GMT"
link 
"</build/runtime.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/644.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/502.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/view-more.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/term-condition.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/contact.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/scroll-infinite-article.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/cookie-style.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/term-condition-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/contact-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/comment-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style""
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Cookies

Request Cookies

Key Value
PHPSESSID 
"epjmjmdcgk3vo9ajj4702b425l"

Response Cookies

No response cookies

Session 6

Session Metadata

Key Value
Created 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 13:48:45 +0000"
Last used 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 13:48:48 +0000"
Lifetime 
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Session Attributes

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Stateless check enabled
Usage
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:79
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    "type" => "->"
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    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/Kernel.php"
    "line" => 197
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/runtime/Runner/Symfony/HttpKernelRunner.php"
    "line" => 35
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Kernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    "line" => 29
    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
  ]
]
Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage:41
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-core/Authentication/Token/Storage/UsageTrackingTokenStorage.php"
    "line" => 41
    "function" => "getMetadataBag"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/twig-bridge/AppVariable.php"
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    "function" => "getToken"
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    "function" => "twig_get_attribute"
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    "function" => "displayWithErrorHandling"
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    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Twig\Template"
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    "line" => 280
    "function" => "render"
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    "function" => "render"
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    "line" => 453
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    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
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    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
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  [
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    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
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    "function" => "renderHeader"
    "class" => "App\Controller\AppController"
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  [
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  [
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    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/Fragment/InlineFragmentRenderer.php"
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  [
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    "line" => 394
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  ]
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/Template.php"
    "line" => 379
    "function" => "display"
    "class" => "Twig\Template"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/TemplateWrapper.php"
    "line" => 38
    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Twig\Template"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/Environment.php"
    "line" => 280
    "function" => "render"
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  [
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    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Twig\Environment"
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  [
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    "line" => 453
    "function" => "doRenderView"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
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  [
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    "line" => 253
    "function" => "doRender"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/src/Controller/ArticleController.php"
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    "function" => "render"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 181
    "function" => "show"
    "class" => "App\Controller\ArticleController"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
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    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
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    "type" => "->"
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  [
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    "line" => 197
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
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  [
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    "line" => 35
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Kernel"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    "line" => 29
    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
  ]
]
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener:171
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-http/Firewall/ContextListener.php"
    "line" => 171
    "function" => "remove"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/Debug/WrappedListener.php"
    "line" => 116
    "function" => "onKernelResponse"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 220
    "function" => "__invoke"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\WrappedListener"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 56
    "function" => "callListeners"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/Debug/TraceableEventDispatcher.php"
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    "function" => "dispatch"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
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    "function" => "dispatch"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\TraceableEventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 202
    "function" => "filterResponse"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
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    "function" => "handleRaw"
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    "function" => "handle"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
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    "function" => "run"
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    "function" => "require_once"
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]

Flashes

Flashes

No flash messages were created.

Server Parameters

Server Parameters

Defined in .env

Key Value
APP_ENV 
"dev"
APP_SECRET 
"0a988e63f011514eaabfc650b599af4d"
CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN 
"*"
DATABASE_URL 
"mysql://bbndb_rctuser:33F5W25z40or0f7@localhost:3306/rct_bbntimes"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAANxzTG8ZMfIjil1wu-1vrQvnUt-x"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAAENKcn73MJAhQrbtQeqgyC4wDLMP"
MAILER_DSN 
"smtp://no-reply%40rct.dev.bbntimes.com:Bl6%26gLD48%26Of919@rct.dev.bbntimes.com:465"
MARIADB_PASSWORD 
"i!87pK&!85ezc8"

Defined as regular env variables

Key Value
APP_DEBUG 
"1"
BASE 
"/public"
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
CONTEXT_PREFIX 
""
DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
FCGI_ROLE 
"RESPONDER"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE 
"CGI/1.1"
HTTPS 
"on"
HTTP_ACCEPT 
"*/*"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_CONNECTION 
"close"
HTTP_COOKIE 
"PHPSESSID=epjmjmdcgk3vo9ajj4702b425l"
HTTP_HOST 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PATH 
"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
PHP_SELF 
"/public/index.php"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_CGI_INDEX 
"plesk-php81-fastcgi"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_INI 
"/var/www/vhosts/system/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/etc/php.ini"
QUERY_STRING 
""
REDIRECT_BASE 
"/public"
REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/what-is-complexity-economics"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/what-is-complexity-economics"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nVwZDyWLT8YV1VjBpcUAAAAIs"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/what-is-complexity-economics"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/what-is-complexity-economics"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nVwZDyWLT8YV1VjBpcUAAAAIs"
REDIRECT_URL 
"/public/global-economy/what-is-complexity-economics"
REMOTE_ADDR 
"3.149.232.145"
REMOTE_PORT 
"40534"
REQUEST_METHOD 
"GET"
REQUEST_SCHEME 
"https"
REQUEST_TIME 
1740232129
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT 
1740232129.447
REQUEST_URI 
"/global-economy/what-is-complexity-economics"
SCRIPT_FILENAME 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_NAME 
"/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/what-is-complexity-economics"
SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/what-is-complexity-economics"
SERVER_ADDR 
"5.196.1.209"
SERVER_ADMIN 
"[no address given]"
SERVER_NAME 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SERVER_PORT 
"443"
SERVER_PROTOCOL 
"HTTP/1.1"
SERVER_SIGNATURE 
"<address>Apache Server at rct.dev.bbntimes.com Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE 
"Apache"
SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SYMFONY_DOTENV_VARS 
"APP_ENV,APP_SECRET,DATABASE_URL,MARIADB_PASSWORD,CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN,MAILER_DSN,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY"
UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nVwZDyWLT8YV1VjBpcUAAAAIs"

Sub Requests 6

CookieController :: renderAnalysis (token = a67e03)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderAnalysis"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"d7ee6f"

AppController :: renderHeader (token = f59443)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderHeader"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
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App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 8704
  -title: "What is Complexity Economics?"
  -slug: "what-is-complexity-economics"
  -introtext: "<p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">What distinguishes "complexity economics"?&nbsp;<a href="https://www.nature.com/articles/s42254-020-00273-3" target="_blank" rel="noopener">W. Brian Arthur offers a short readable overview in "Foundations of complexity economics"</a>&nbsp;(<i>Nature Reviews Physics</i>&nbsp;3: 136–145, 2021).</span></p>\r\n"
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p class="p1"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="s1">This is a personal essay, rather than a literature review. For example, Arthur explains how the&nbsp;modern research agenda for complexity economics emerged from work at the Santa Fe Institute in the late 1980s.</span><span class="s1"></span></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">How is complexity economics different from regular economics?&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="s1">Complexity economics sees the&nbsp;economy — or the parts of it that interest us — as not necessarily in equilibrium, its&nbsp;decision makers (or agents) as not superrational, the problems they face as not&nbsp;necessarily well-defined and the economy&nbsp;not as a perfectly humming machine but as an ever-changing ecology of beliefs,&nbsp;organizing principles and behaviours.&nbsp;</span><span class="s1"></span></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">How does a researcher do economics in this spirit? A common approach is to describe, in mathematical terms, a number of decision-making agents within a certain setting. The agents start off with a range of rules for how they will perceive the situation and how they will make decisions. The rules that any given agent uses can change over time: the agent might learn from experience, or might decide to copy another agent, or the decision-making rule might experience a random change. The researcher can then look at the path of decision-making and outcomes that emerge from this process--a path which will sometimes settle into a relatively stable outcome, but sometimes will not. Arthur writes:</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Complexity, the overall subject , as I see it is not a science, rather it is a movement within science ... It studies how elements interacting&nbsp;in a system create overall patterns, and how these patterns, in turn, cause the elements to&nbsp;change or adapt in response. The elements might be cells in a cellular automaton, or cars in traffic, or biological cells in an immune system, and they may react to neighbouring cells’ states, or adjacent cars, or concentrations&nbsp;of B and T cells. Whichever the case, complexity asks how individual elements&nbsp;react to the current pattern they mutually create, and what patterns, in turn, result.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">As Arthur points out, an increasingly digitized world is likely to offer a number of demonstrations of complexity theory at work.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Now, under rapid digitization,&nbsp;the economy’s character is changing again and parts of it are becoming autonomous&nbsp;or self- governing. Financial trading&nbsp;systems, logistical systems and online services are already largely autonomous:&nbsp;they may have overall human supervision, but their moment-to-moment actions&nbsp;are automatic, with no central controller. Similarly, the electricity grid is becoming autonomous (loading in one region can&nbsp;automatically self- adjust in response to&nbsp;loading in neighbouring ones); air-traffic&nbsp;control systems are becoming autonomous and independent of human control; and&nbsp;future driverless-traffic systems, in&nbsp;which driverless-traffic flows respond to other driverless-traffic flows, will likely be&nbsp;autonomous. ... Besides being autonomous, they are self- organizing, self- configuring, self-healing&nbsp;and self- correcting, so they show a form of artificial intelligence. One can think&nbsp;of these autonomous systems as miniature economies, highly interconnected and&nbsp;highly interactive, in which the agents are&nbsp;software elements ‘in conversation with’ and constantly reacting to the actions of other&nbsp;software elements.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">To put it another way, if we want to understand when these kinds of systems are likely to work well, and how they might go off the rails or be gamed, complexity analysis is likely to offer some useful tools.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="s1">But what about using complexity theory for economics in particular? As Arthur writes: "A new theoretical framework in a science&nbsp;does not really prove itself unless it explains phenomena that the accepted framework&nbsp;cannot. Can complexity economics make this claim? I believe it can. Consider the Santa Fe artificial stock&nbsp;market model."</span><span class="s1"></span></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">For example, there's a long-standing issue of why stock markets see short-run patterns of boom and bust.&nbsp; Another puzzle of stock markets is why there is so much trading of stocks. Sure, stock traders will disagree about the underlying value of stocks and about the meaning of recent news which affects perceptions of future value. Such disagreements will lead to a modest volume stock trading, but it's hard to see how they lead to the extremely high volumes of trading seen in modern markets.&nbsp;<a href="https://conversationswithtyler.com/episodes/john-cochrane/" target="_blank" rel="noopener">John Cochrane phrased this point nicely in a recent interview with Tyler Cowen</a>:&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Why is there this immense volume of trading? When was the last time you bought or sold a stock? You don’t do it every 20 milliseconds, do you?&nbsp;I’ll highlight this. If I get my list of the 10 great unsolved puzzles that I hope our grandchildren will have figured out, why does getting the information into asset prices require that the stock be turned over a hundred times? That’s clearly what’s going on. There’s this vast amount of trading, which is based on information or opinion and so forth. I hate to discount it at all just as human folly, but that’s clearly what’s going on, but we don’t have a good model.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="s1">Here is Arthur's description of how complexity economics looks at these <a href="technology/a-review-of-stock-market-valuations-in-2021" target="_blank" rel="noopener">stock market </a>puzzles:&nbsp;</span><span class="s1"></span></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="s1">We set up an ‘artificial’ stock market inside the computer and our ‘investors’ were small, intelligent programs&nbsp;that could differ from one another. Rather than share a self- fulfilling forecasting method, they were required to somehow&nbsp;learn or discover forecasts that work. We&nbsp;allowed our investors to randomly generate&nbsp;their own individual forecasting methods, try out promising ones, discard methods that&nbsp;did not work and periodically generate new&nbsp;methods to replace them. They made bids or offers for a stock based on their currently&nbsp;most accurate methods and the stock price&nbsp;forms from these — ultimately, from our&nbsp;investors’ collective forecasts. We included an adjustable rate-of-exploration parameter&nbsp;</span><span class="s1">to govern how often our artificial investors&nbsp;could explore new methods.</span></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">When we ran this computer experiment, we found two regimes, or phases. At low rates of investors trying out new forecasts,&nbsp;the market behaviour collapsed into the standard neoclassical equilibrium (in which&nbsp;forecasts converge to ones that yield price changes that, on average, validate those forecasts).&nbsp;Investors became alike and trading&nbsp;faded away. In this case, the neoclassical outcome holds, with a cloud of random&nbsp;variation around it. But if our investors try out new forecasting methods at a faster and more realistic rate, the system goes through a&nbsp;phase transition. The market develops a rich psychology of different beliefs that change&nbsp;and do not converge over time; a healthy&nbsp;volume of trade emerges; small price bubbles&nbsp;and temporary crashes appear; technical trading emerges; and random periods of</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">volatile trading and quiescence emerge. Phenomena we see in real markets emerge. ...&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="s1">I want to emphasize something here: such phenomena as random volatility, technical trading or bubbles and crashes are not ‘departures from rationality’. Outside of equilibrium, ‘rational’ behaviour is not well- defined. These phenomena are the result&nbsp;of economic agents discovering behaviour that works temporarily in situations caused&nbsp;by other agents discovering behaviour that works temporarily. This is neither rational&nbsp;nor irrational, it merely emerges.</span><span class="s1"></span></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Other studies find similar regime transitions from equilibrium to complex behaviour in nonequilibrium models. It could be objected that the emergent&nbsp;phenomena we find are small in size:&nbsp;price outcomes in our artificial market&nbsp;diverge from the standard equilibrium outcomes by only 2% or 3%. But — and&nbsp;this is important — the interesting things&nbsp;in real markets happen not with equilibrium behaviour but with departures from&nbsp;equilibrium. In real markets, after all,&nbsp;that is where the money is made.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">In other words, the key to understanding dynamics of stock markets may reside in the idea that investors are continually exploring new methods of investing, which in turn leads to high volumes of trading and in some cased to dysfunctional outcomes.&nbsp; Of course, Arthur offers a variety of other examples, as well.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">For those who would like more background on complexity economics, one starting point would be the footnotes in Arthur's article. Another place to start is the essay by&nbsp;<a href="https://www.aeaweb.org/articles?id=10.1257/jep.13.4.169" target="_blank" rel="noopener">J. Barkley Rosser, "On the Complexities of Complex Economic Dynamics,"</a>&nbsp;in the Fall 1999 issue of the J<i>ournal of Economic Perspectives</i>&nbsp;(13:4, 169-192). The abstract reads:&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Complex economic nonlinear dynamics endogenously do not converge to a point, a limit cycle, or an explosion. Their study developed out of earlier studies of cybernetic, catastrophic, and chaotic systems. Complexity analysis stresses interactions among dispersed agents without a global controller, tangled hierarchies, adaptive learning, evolution, and novelty, and out-of-equilibrium dynamics. Complexity methods include interacting particle systems, self-organized criticality, and evolutionary game theory, to simulate artificial stock markets and other phenomena. Theoretically, bounded rationality replaces rational expectations. Complexity theory influences empirical methods and restructures policy debates.</span></p>
    """
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