GET https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/discussing-illegal-activities-in-gdp-drugs-prostitution-gambling

Response
200 OK
IP
18.118.140.120
Profiled on
Token
b3ae15

ArticleController :: show

Request

GET Parameters

None

POST Parameters

None

Uploaded Files

None

Request Attributes

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::show"
_firewall_context 
"security.firewall.map.context.main"
_links 
Symfony\Component\WebLink\GenericLinkProvider {#3674
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      -href: "/build/runtime.js"
      -rel: [
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      -attributes: [
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      ]
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    3793 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3793
      -href: "/build/644.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
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      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3792 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3792
      -href: "/build/502.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3791 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3791
      -href: "/build/app.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
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      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3790 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3790
      -href: "/build/view-more.js"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3789 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3789
      -href: "/build/term-condition.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3788 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3788
      -href: "/build/contact.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3787 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3787
      -href: "/build/scroll-infinite-article.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3786 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3786
      -href: "/build/app.css"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
    }
    3785 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3785
      -href: "/build/cookie-style.css"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
    }
    3784 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3784
      -href: "/build/term-condition-css.css"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
    }
    3783 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3783
      -href: "/build/contact-css.css"
      -rel: [
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      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
    }
    3782 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3782
      -href: "/build/comment-css.css"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
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}
_route 
"article_show"
_route_params 
[
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  "slug" => "discussing-illegal-activities-in-gdp-drugs-prostitution-gambling"
]
_security_firewall_run 
"_security_main"
_stopwatch_token 
"cd53c4"
category 
"global-economy"
slug 
"discussing-illegal-activities-in-gdp-drugs-prostitution-gambling"

Request Headers

Header Value
accept 
"*/*"
accept-encoding 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
connection 
"close"
cookie 
"PHPSESSID=ashp4b3f4bp42vd4dcvi275l3q"
host 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
user-agent 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
x-php-ob-level 
"1"

Request Content

Request content not available (it was retrieved as a resource).

Response

Response Headers

Header Value
cache-control 
"no-cache, private"
content-type 
"text/html; charset=UTF-8"
date 
"Wed, 16 Apr 2025 07:09:02 GMT"
link 
"</build/runtime.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/644.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/502.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/view-more.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/term-condition.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/contact.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/scroll-infinite-article.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/cookie-style.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/term-condition-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/contact-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/comment-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style""
x-debug-token 
"b3ae15"

Cookies

Request Cookies

Key Value
PHPSESSID 
"ashp4b3f4bp42vd4dcvi275l3q"

Response Cookies

No response cookies

Session 6

Session Metadata

Key Value
Created 
"Wed, 16 Apr 25 07:07:21 +0000"
Last used 
"Wed, 16 Apr 25 07:09:00 +0000"
Lifetime 
0

Session Attributes

Attribute Value
_csrf/https-comment 
"BSCvwLWa8FNVJ2_zB5d6_7-uxCi9eUIqN2vFUpoZT6Q"
_csrf/https-cookie_accept 
"Dxj2aivek9qwQAqRSf1bQAK7ex6_G3BBeM0BqYrw-No"

Session Usage

6 Usages
Stateless check enabled
Usage
Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:76
Show trace 
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    "function" => "require_once"
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:79
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-csrf/TokenStorage/SessionTokenStorage.php"
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:52
Show trace 
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  [
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    "line" => 52
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:56
Show trace 
[
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 181
    "function" => "show"
    "class" => "App\Controller\ArticleController"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/Kernel.php"
    "line" => 197
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/runtime/Runner/Symfony/HttpKernelRunner.php"
    "line" => 35
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Kernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    "line" => 29
    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
  ]
]
Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage:41
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-core/Authentication/Token/Storage/UsageTrackingTokenStorage.php"
    "line" => 41
    "function" => "getMetadataBag"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/twig-bridge/AppVariable.php"
    "line" => 103
    "function" => "getToken"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/Extension/CoreExtension.php"
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    "function" => "twig_get_attribute"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/Template.php"
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    "function" => "displayWithErrorHandling"
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    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
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    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
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    "function" => "renderHeader"
    "class" => "App\Controller\AppController"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpCache/SubRequestHandler.php"
    "line" => 86
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/Fragment/InlineFragmentRenderer.php"
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    "function" => "render"
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    "function" => "display"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/TemplateWrapper.php"
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    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Twig\Template"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/Environment.php"
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    "function" => "render"
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    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Twig\Environment"
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    "line" => 453
    "function" => "doRenderView"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
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    "line" => 253
    "function" => "doRender"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/src/Controller/ArticleController.php"
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    "function" => "render"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 181
    "function" => "show"
    "class" => "App\Controller\ArticleController"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/Kernel.php"
    "line" => 197
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/runtime/Runner/Symfony/HttpKernelRunner.php"
    "line" => 35
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Kernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    "line" => 29
    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
  ]
]
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener:171
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-http/Firewall/ContextListener.php"
    "line" => 171
    "function" => "remove"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/Debug/WrappedListener.php"
    "line" => 116
    "function" => "onKernelResponse"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 220
    "function" => "__invoke"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\WrappedListener"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 56
    "function" => "callListeners"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/Debug/TraceableEventDispatcher.php"
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    "function" => "dispatch"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
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    "function" => "dispatch"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\TraceableEventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 202
    "function" => "filterResponse"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
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    "function" => "handleRaw"
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    "function" => "run"
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]

Flashes

Flashes

No flash messages were created.

Server Parameters

Server Parameters

Defined in .env

Key Value
APP_ENV 
"dev"
APP_SECRET 
"0a988e63f011514eaabfc650b599af4d"
CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN 
"*"
DATABASE_URL 
"mysql://bbndb_rctuser:33F5W25z40or0f7@localhost:3306/rct_bbntimes"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAANxzTG8ZMfIjil1wu-1vrQvnUt-x"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAAENKcn73MJAhQrbtQeqgyC4wDLMP"
MAILER_DSN 
"smtp://no-reply%40rct.dev.bbntimes.com:Bl6%26gLD48%26Of919@rct.dev.bbntimes.com:465"
MARIADB_PASSWORD 
"i!87pK&!85ezc8"

Defined as regular env variables

Key Value
APP_DEBUG 
"1"
BASE 
"/public"
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
CONTEXT_PREFIX 
""
DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
FCGI_ROLE 
"RESPONDER"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE 
"CGI/1.1"
HTTPS 
"on"
HTTP_ACCEPT 
"*/*"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_CONNECTION 
"close"
HTTP_COOKIE 
"PHPSESSID=ashp4b3f4bp42vd4dcvi275l3q"
HTTP_HOST 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PATH 
"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
PHP_SELF 
"/public/index.php"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_CGI_INDEX 
"plesk-php81-fastcgi"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_INI 
"/var/www/vhosts/system/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/etc/php.ini"
QUERY_STRING 
""
REDIRECT_BASE 
"/public"
REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/discussing-illegal-activities-in-gdp-drugs-prostitution-gambling"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/discussing-illegal-activities-in-gdp-drugs-prostitution-gambling"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z_9XjTMPOH5Hdsjt6vRk4AAAAA0"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/discussing-illegal-activities-in-gdp-drugs-prostitution-gambling"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/discussing-illegal-activities-in-gdp-drugs-prostitution-gambling"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z_9XjTMPOH5Hdsjt6vRk4AAAAA0"
REDIRECT_URL 
"/public/global-economy/discussing-illegal-activities-in-gdp-drugs-prostitution-gambling"
REMOTE_ADDR 
"18.118.140.120"
REMOTE_PORT 
"11059"
REQUEST_METHOD 
"GET"
REQUEST_SCHEME 
"https"
REQUEST_TIME 
1744787341
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT 
1744787341.4709
REQUEST_URI 
"/global-economy/discussing-illegal-activities-in-gdp-drugs-prostitution-gambling"
SCRIPT_FILENAME 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_NAME 
"/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/discussing-illegal-activities-in-gdp-drugs-prostitution-gambling"
SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/discussing-illegal-activities-in-gdp-drugs-prostitution-gambling"
SERVER_ADDR 
"5.196.1.209"
SERVER_ADMIN 
"[no address given]"
SERVER_NAME 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SERVER_PORT 
"443"
SERVER_PROTOCOL 
"HTTP/1.1"
SERVER_SIGNATURE 
"<address>Apache Server at rct.dev.bbntimes.com Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE 
"Apache"
SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SYMFONY_DOTENV_VARS 
"APP_ENV,APP_SECRET,DATABASE_URL,MARIADB_PASSWORD,CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN,MAILER_DSN,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY"
UNIQUE_ID 
"Z_9XjTMPOH5Hdsjt6vRk4AAAAA0"

Sub Requests 6

CookieController :: renderAnalysis (token = f7867e)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderAnalysis"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"44fc93"

AppController :: renderHeader (token = 09c44e)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderHeader"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"d153d7"
slug 
"home"

ArticleController :: trendingArticle (token = 7f8600)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::trendingArticle"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"f709be"
category 
"Global Economy"

ArticleController :: relatedArticles (token = 17b7e9)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::relatedArticles"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"3f688f"
current_article 
App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 8106
  -title: "Discussing Illegal Activities in GDP: Drugs, Prostitution, Gambling"
  -slug: "discussing-illegal-activities-in-gdp-drugs-prostitution-gambling"
  -introtext: "<p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">The current international standards for how a country should compute its GDP suggest that illegal activities should be included. </span></p>\r\n"
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p class="p1"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="s1">Just how to do this, given the obvious problems in collecting statistics on illegal activity, isn't clear. The US Bureau of Economic Analysis does not include estimates of illegal activities in GDP. However, there is ongoing research on the subject, described by&nbsp;<span class="s2">Rachel Soloveichik in "Including Illegal Market Activity in the U.S. National Economic Accounts"</span>&nbsp;(<i>Survey of Current Business</i>, February 2021).</span><span class="s1"></span></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">It's perhaps worth noting up front that crime itself is not included in GDP. If someone steals from me, there is an involuntary and illegal redistribution, but GDP measures what is produced. Both public and private expenditures related to discouraging or punishing crime are already included in GDP. This is of course one of the many reasons why GDP should not be treated as a measure of social welfare: that is, social welfare would clearly be improved if crime was lower and money spent on discouraging and punishing crime could instead flow to something that provides positive pleasures and benefits.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Thus, adding illegal activities to GDP requires adding the actual production of goods and services which are illegal. Soloveichik focuses on "three categories&nbsp;of illegal activity: drugs, prostitution, and gambling."&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">These three categories are not equal in their recent economic impact. Consumer spending on illegal drugs was $153 billion in 2017, compared to $4 billion on illegal prostitution and $11 billion on illegal gambling in the same year. Furthermore, tracking illegal drugs raises the average real GDP growth rate between 2010 and2017 by 0.05 percentage point per year and raises the average private-sector productivity growth rate between 2010 and 2016 by 0.11 percentage point per year. In contrast, neither tracking illegal prostitution nor tracking illegal gambling has much influence on recent growth rates.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">To me, the most interesting part of the essay is about some historical patterns of spending on illegal activities and drug prices. For example, here's a figure showing spending on illegal drugs over time. The line to the far right shows spending on alcohol during prohibition. The very high level of spending in the 1980s is especially striking, remembering that you need to add the different categories of illegal drugs to get the total.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <div class="separator"><img src="/images/Chart_1.jpeg" alt="Chart_1.jpeg" /></div>\r\n
    <div>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Soloveichik writes:&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Chart 1 shows that the expenditure shares for all three broad categories of illegal drugs grew rapidly after 1965 and peaked around 1980. In total, this analysis calculates that illegal drugs accounted for more than 5 percent of total personal consumption expenditures in 1980. This high expenditure share is consistent with contemporaneous news articles and may explain why BEA chose to study the underground economy in the early 1980s (Carson 1984a, 1984b). Chart 1 also shows that illegal alcohol during Prohibition accounted for almost as large a share of consumer spending as illegal drugs in 1980 and changed faster. Measured nominal growth in 1934, the first year after Prohibition ended, is badly overestimated when illegal alcohol is excluded from consumer spending.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Here's a similar graph for total spending on illegal prostitution and gambling services. Spending on gambling was especially high up until about the 1960s, when first legal state lotteries and then casinos arrived.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    </div>\r\n
    <div class="separator"><img src="/images/Chart_2.jpeg" alt="Chart_2.jpeg" /></div>\r\n
    <div>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1"><span style="color: #000000;">It may seem counterintuitive that the US can be suffering through an opioid epidemic in the last couple of decades, but still have what looks like relatively low spending on illegal drugs. But remember that the start of the opioid epidemic up to about 2010 largely involved legally sold prescription drugs&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #000000;">--which would have been included in GDP. Total spending is a combination of quantity purchased and price. In addition, price must be adjusted for quality. Thus, what the data shows is that we are living in a time of cheap and powerful heroin and fentanyl. As Soloveichik writes:&nbsp;</span></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Opioid potency has rapidly increased due to the recent practice of mixing fentanyl, an extremely powerful opioid, with heroin. Marijuana potency has gradually increased due to new plant varieties that contain higher concentrations of the main psychoactivechemical in marijuana, tetrahydrocannabinol (THC).</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">With those patterns taken into account, here's a figure showing estimated drug prices over time, relative to the prices for legal consumption goods. Drug prices for opioids and stimulants fell sharply in the 1980s, which makes the rise in nominal expenditures on drugs shown above even more striking, and have more-or-less stayed at the lower level since then.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <br /><img src="/images/Chart_3.jpeg" alt="Chart_3.jpeg" /></div>\r\n
    <div class="separator">&nbsp;</div>\r\n
    <p>&nbsp;<span class="s1" style="color: #000000; background-color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem;">Soloveichik write: "Readers should also note that illegal drugs are a large enough spending category to influence aggregate inflation. Between 1980 and 1990, average personal consumption expenditures price growth falls by 0.7 percentage point per year when illegal activity is tracked in the NIPAs."</span><span class="s1" style="color: #000000; background-color: inherit; font-family: inherit; font-size: 1rem;"></span></p>\r\n
    <div>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">If you are interested in data sources for these illegal goods and services and what assumptions are needed to estimate prices and output levels, this article is good place to start.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    </div>
    """
  -user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1092 …}
  -createdAt: DateTime @1614181011 {#1145
    date: 2021-02-24 15:36:51.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -updatedAt: DateTime @1622237730 {#1150
    date: 2021-05-28 21:35:30.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -deletedAt: null
  -category: App\Entity\Category {#445 …}
  -status: "published"
  -imageCard: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -ImageHeader: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -featured: false
  -mainView: false
  -clicks: 6014
  -comments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1125 …}
  -reviewed_at: DateTime @1614181011 {#1148
    date: 2021-02-24 15:36:51.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -metakey: "Discussing Illegal Activities in GDP: Drugs, Prostitution, Gambling"
  -metadesc: "The current international standards for how a country should compute its GDP suggest that illegal activities should be included."
  -robots: null
  -publishedAt: DateTime @1614181011 {#1147
    date: 2021-02-24 15:36:51.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -canonical: null
  -superTag: null
}

AppController :: renderFooter (token = f2fab4)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderFooter"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"4738da"

CookieController :: renderCookie (token = d473f6)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderCookie"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"f2fd06"