GET https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/satellite-data-economics-night-lights-and-more

Response
200 OK
IP
216.73.216.222
Profiled on
Token
b95c52

ArticleController :: show

Request

GET Parameters

None

POST Parameters

None

Uploaded Files

None

Request Attributes

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::show"
_firewall_context 
"security.firewall.map.context.main"
_links 
Symfony\Component\WebLink\GenericLinkProvider {#3652
  -links: [
    3773 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3773
      -href: "/build/runtime.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3771 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3771
      -href: "/build/644.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3770 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3770
      -href: "/build/502.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3769 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3769
      -href: "/build/app.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
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      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3768 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3768
      -href: "/build/view-more.js"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3767 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3767
      -href: "/build/term-condition.js"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "script"
      ]
    }
    3766 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3766
      -href: "/build/contact.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3765 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3765
      -href: "/build/scroll-infinite-article.js"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3764 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3764
      -href: "/build/app.css"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
    }
    3763 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3763
      -href: "/build/cookie-style.css"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
    }
    3762 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3762
      -href: "/build/term-condition-css.css"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
    }
    3761 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3761
      -href: "/build/contact-css.css"
      -rel: [
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      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
    }
    3760 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3760
      -href: "/build/comment-css.css"
      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
      ]
      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
      ]
    }
  ]
}
_route 
"article_show"
_route_params 
[
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  "slug" => "satellite-data-economics-night-lights-and-more"
]
_security_firewall_run 
"_security_main"
_stopwatch_token 
"08f3d2"
category 
"global-economy"
slug 
"satellite-data-economics-night-lights-and-more"

Request Headers

Header Value
accept 
"*/*"
accept-encoding 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
connection 
"close"
cookie 
"PHPSESSID=564ds0vgodiinblpkrdekjqs9r"
host 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
user-agent 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
x-php-ob-level 
"1"

Request Content

Request content not available (it was retrieved as a resource).

Response

Response Headers

Header Value
cache-control 
"no-cache, private"
content-type 
"text/html; charset=UTF-8"
date 
"Sat, 31 May 2025 03:07:04 GMT"
link 
"</build/runtime.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/644.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/502.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/view-more.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/term-condition.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/contact.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/scroll-infinite-article.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/cookie-style.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/term-condition-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/contact-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/comment-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style""
x-debug-token 
"b95c52"

Cookies

Request Cookies

Key Value
PHPSESSID 
"564ds0vgodiinblpkrdekjqs9r"

Response Cookies

No response cookies

Session 6

Session Metadata

Key Value
Created 
"Sat, 31 May 25 03:06:06 +0000"
Last used 
"Sat, 31 May 25 03:07:03 +0000"
Lifetime 
0

Session Attributes

Attribute Value
_csrf/https-comment 
"sIDfG09EYOPKEYVjXqqIZpya3Qlq9KEsz61dnvYySdA"
_csrf/https-cookie_accept 
"_zSDIshIHtQfwWo3lM8Y-o6cHH0jQHaCePIhgatEmBg"

Session Usage

6 Usages
Stateless check enabled
Usage
Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:76
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:79
Show trace 
[
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:52
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:56
Show trace 
[
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    "type" => "->"
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    "function" => "handleRaw"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
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    "line" => 197
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
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  [
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    "line" => 35
    "function" => "handle"
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    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    "line" => 29
    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
    "type" => "->"
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    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
  ]
]
Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage:41
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-core/Authentication/Token/Storage/UsageTrackingTokenStorage.php"
    "line" => 41
    "function" => "getMetadataBag"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
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    "function" => "render"
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    "line" => 453
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    "function" => "show"
    "class" => "App\Controller\ArticleController"
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    "type" => "->"
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  [
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    "function" => "handle"
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  [
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    "function" => "handle"
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    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
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]
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener:171
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-http/Firewall/ContextListener.php"
    "line" => 171
    "function" => "remove"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/Debug/WrappedListener.php"
    "line" => 116
    "function" => "onKernelResponse"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 220
    "function" => "__invoke"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\WrappedListener"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 56
    "function" => "callListeners"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
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    "function" => "dispatch"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
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    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\TraceableEventDispatcher"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
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    "function" => "filterResponse"
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    "function" => "handleRaw"
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    "function" => "require_once"
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]

Flashes

Flashes

No flash messages were created.

Server Parameters

Server Parameters

Defined in .env

Key Value
APP_ENV 
"dev"
APP_SECRET 
"0a988e63f011514eaabfc650b599af4d"
CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN 
"*"
DATABASE_URL 
"mysql://bbndb_rctuser:33F5W25z40or0f7@localhost:3306/rct_bbntimes"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAANxzTG8ZMfIjil1wu-1vrQvnUt-x"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAAENKcn73MJAhQrbtQeqgyC4wDLMP"
MAILER_DSN 
"smtp://no-reply%40rct.dev.bbntimes.com:Bl6%26gLD48%26Of919@rct.dev.bbntimes.com:465"
MARIADB_PASSWORD 
"i!87pK&!85ezc8"

Defined as regular env variables

Key Value
APP_DEBUG 
"1"
BASE 
"/public"
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
CONTEXT_PREFIX 
""
DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
FCGI_ROLE 
"RESPONDER"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE 
"CGI/1.1"
HTTPS 
"on"
HTTP_ACCEPT 
"*/*"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_CONNECTION 
"close"
HTTP_COOKIE 
"PHPSESSID=564ds0vgodiinblpkrdekjqs9r"
HTTP_HOST 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PATH 
"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
PHP_SELF 
"/public/index.php"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_CGI_INDEX 
"plesk-php81-fastcgi"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_INI 
"/var/www/vhosts/system/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/etc/php.ini"
QUERY_STRING 
""
REDIRECT_BASE 
"/public"
REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/satellite-data-economics-night-lights-and-more"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/satellite-data-economics-night-lights-and-more"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"aDpyVX9bcoq1GptgowUmdAAAAJQ"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/satellite-data-economics-night-lights-and-more"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/satellite-data-economics-night-lights-and-more"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"aDpyVX9bcoq1GptgowUmdAAAAJQ"
REDIRECT_URL 
"/public/global-economy/satellite-data-economics-night-lights-and-more"
REMOTE_ADDR 
"216.73.216.222"
REMOTE_PORT 
"1921"
REQUEST_METHOD 
"GET"
REQUEST_SCHEME 
"https"
REQUEST_TIME 
1748660821
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT 
1748660821.8038
REQUEST_URI 
"/global-economy/satellite-data-economics-night-lights-and-more"
SCRIPT_FILENAME 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_NAME 
"/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/satellite-data-economics-night-lights-and-more"
SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/satellite-data-economics-night-lights-and-more"
SERVER_ADDR 
"5.196.1.209"
SERVER_ADMIN 
"[no address given]"
SERVER_NAME 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SERVER_PORT 
"443"
SERVER_PROTOCOL 
"HTTP/1.1"
SERVER_SIGNATURE 
"<address>Apache Server at rct.dev.bbntimes.com Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE 
"Apache"
SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SYMFONY_DOTENV_VARS 
"APP_ENV,APP_SECRET,DATABASE_URL,MARIADB_PASSWORD,CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN,MAILER_DSN,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY"
UNIQUE_ID 
"aDpyVX9bcoq1GptgowUmdAAAAJQ"

Sub Requests 6

ArticleController :: trendingArticle (token = 6e7e19)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::trendingArticle"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"1fd408"
category 
"Finance"

AppController :: renderHeader (token = 8cad55)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderHeader"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"3e4c44"
slug 
"home"

ArticleController :: trendingArticle (token = 0a1b2a)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::trendingArticle"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"3fc9cb"
category 
"Global Economy"

ArticleController :: relatedArticles (token = e0db10)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::relatedArticles"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"2b2e34"
current_article 
App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 4646
  -title: "Satellite Data Economics, Night Lights, and More"
  -slug: "satellite-data-economics-night-lights-and-more"
  -introtext: "<p><span style="color: #000000;">The dark area outlined in red is North Korea. The rest of the peninsula below, illuminated, is South Korea.</span></p>\r\n"
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p><br /><span style="color: #000000;"><img src="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2019/09/images/092019/yao1-600.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="246" /></span><br /><br /></p>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">I can quote you various statistics about how the economy of North Korea is estimated at something between&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://www.reuters.com/article/us-northkorea-economy-gdp/north-koreas-economy-tanks-as-sanctions-drought-bite-south-korea-idUSKCN1UL08G">$32 billion</a></span>&nbsp;and<a style="color: #000000;" href="https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/attachments/summaries/KN-summary.pdf">&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;">$50 billion</span></a>, with corresponding per capita income of either $1,238 or $1,700. Conversely, South Korea's&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gdp.mktp.cd">GDP is $1,619 billion</a></span>, with&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/ny.gdp.pcap.cd">a per capita GDP of $31,362</a></span>. But at least for me, the contrast between darkness and light provides its own gut-level understanding of how people experience big differences in economic growth.</span><br /> <br /><span style="color: #000000;"> Jiaxiong Yao provides this image and a discussion of the relationship between economic growth and night lights in&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2019/09/satellite-images-at-night-and-economic-growth-yao.htm">"Illuminating Economic Growth: Satellite images of the earth at night reveal the pace of economic growth and much more,"</a></span>&nbsp;in&nbsp; the September 2019 issue of&nbsp;<em>Finance &amp; Development</em>.</span><br /> <br /><span style="color: #000000;"> Here's a less well-known but equally striking comparison. The upper image is Asia in 1992: you can see the outline of India on the left, China is in the middle, and to the right there is the dark/light contrast of the Korean peninsula, with Japan at the extreme right. The bottom image is the same frame of countries in 2013. The economic development of India and China is clear--and that image is from six years ago.</span></p>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;"></span></div>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;"><img src="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2019/09/images/092019/yao2-600.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="242" /></span><br /><br /><span style="color: #000000;"><img src="https://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/fandd/2019/09/images/092019/yao3-600.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="242" /></span><br /><br />\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">Yao points out that while night lights are broadly associated with economic development, the relationship isn't linear, and isn't the same everywhere.</span></p>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">The relationship between night lights and economic development, however, is not always straightforward. In my study with Johns Hopkins University’s Yingyao Hu, we compare night lights with GDP, the official and most commonly used measure of an economy’s performance. We find that rich countries are indeed brighter than less developed countries, but there is no lack of exceptions. On a per capita basis, Nordic countries have almost always been the brightest spots on Earth. On the other hand, Japan, despite being a rich country, looks scarcely brighter than Syria did before the Arab Spring, most likely because of its energy conservation habits and high population density.</span></p>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">Another pattern is that emerging market economies which are in the process of dramatically expanding power grids and transportation networks also look much brighter to satellites. However, high-income economies are mainly doing their growth through technology and innovation, which has less effect on light emissions. "In fact, night lights grow only about half as fast as GDP in advanced economies."</span></p>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">Night lights can also be used to estimate GDP in places where collection of economic statistics has broken down.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">There is probably nowhere on Earth where good economic data are scarcer than in countries afflicted by conflict—yet these economies are among the places we need to track and understand the most. Statistics agencies in these countries may have long stopped functioning properly, but satellites are still witnessing economic activity. It turns out that we can use night lights to reestimate the GDP of a conflict-stricken country, based on its similarities with other countries at various stages of development. When we do so, we find that the night-light-based GDP measure often points to faster economic deterioration during conflict than the official data show, but this measure also suggests a stronger bounce-back after the conflict ends.</span></p>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">For more analytical detail on connections from night lights to GDP, a useful starting point is the IMF Working Paper by&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://www.imf.org/en/Publications/WP/Issues/2019/04/09/Illuminating-Economic-Growth-46670">Yingyao Hu&nbsp;and&nbsp;Jiaxiong, "Illuminating Economic Growth"&nbsp;</a>(</span>April 9, 2019)</span><br /> <br /><span style="color: #000000;"> It's also worth noting that satellite data shows a lot more than just night lights--indeed, more than just the visible spectrum. Thus, economists and other researchers are making increasing use of this data to look at a range of other issues including pollution, forest cover/deforestation, roofs/buildings in studies of urban development, cars/traffic. I offer a quick overview of this work, with some additional images, in&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2016/11/economics-and-satellite-data.html">"Economics and Satellite Data" (November 10, 2016)</a></span>. For a readable broader discussion of satellite data and how it can be used, see&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://pubs.aeaweb.org/doi/pdfplus/10.1257/jep.30.4.171">Dave Donaldson and Adam Storeygard, "The View from Above: Applications of Satellite Data in Economics,"</a></span>&nbsp;in the Fall 2016 issue of the&nbsp;<em>Journal of Economic Perspectives</em>&nbsp;(30:4, 171-98).</span></p>\r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">A version of this article first appeared on <span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2019/09/satellite-data-economics.html">Conversable Economist</a></span>.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    </div>\r\n
    <div>&nbsp;</div>
    """
  -user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1092 …}
  -createdAt: DateTime @1567757026 {#1145
    date: 2019-09-06 08:03:46.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -updatedAt: DateTime @1567757152 {#1150
    date: 2019-09-06 08:05:52.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -deletedAt: null
  -category: App\Entity\Category {#445 …}
  -status: "published"
  -imageCard: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -ImageHeader: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -featured: false
  -mainView: false
  -clicks: 2968
  -comments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1125 …}
  -reviewed_at: DateTime @1567757023 {#1148
    date: 2019-09-06 08:03:43.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -metakey: ""
  -metadesc: "The dark area outlined in red is North Korea. The rest of the peninsula below, illuminated, is South Korea."
  -robots: null
  -publishedAt: DateTime @1567757023 {#1147
    date: 2019-09-06 08:03:43.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -canonical: null
  -superTag: null
}

AppController :: renderFooter (token = 3f13f0)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderFooter"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"58b527"

CookieController :: renderCookie (token = 77a29b)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderCookie"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"e03d1b"