GET https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/production-use-and-fate-of-all-plastics-ever-made

Response
200 OK
IP
3.15.220.148
Profiled on
Token
c3f0a7

ArticleController :: show

Request

GET Parameters

None

POST Parameters

None

Uploaded Files

None

Request Attributes

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::show"
_firewall_context 
"security.firewall.map.context.main"
_links 
Symfony\Component\WebLink\GenericLinkProvider {#3674
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      ]
    }
    3787 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3787
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      -rel: [
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      -attributes: [
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    3785 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3785
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    3784 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3784
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    3783 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3783
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    3782 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3782
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      -rel: [
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_route 
"article_show"
_route_params 
[
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]
_security_firewall_run 
"_security_main"
_stopwatch_token 
"0860cc"
category 
"global-economy"
slug 
"production-use-and-fate-of-all-plastics-ever-made"

Request Headers

Header Value
accept 
"*/*"
accept-encoding 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
connection 
"close"
cookie 
"PHPSESSID=iukbtirpan9v9n2gf5efl07h25"
host 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
user-agent 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
x-php-ob-level 
"1"

Request Content

Request content not available (it was retrieved as a resource).

Response

Response Headers

Header Value
cache-control 
"no-cache, private"
content-type 
"text/html; charset=UTF-8"
date 
"Sat, 22 Feb 2025 13:33:10 GMT"
link 
"</build/runtime.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/644.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/502.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/view-more.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/term-condition.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/contact.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/scroll-infinite-article.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/cookie-style.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/term-condition-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/contact-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/comment-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style""
x-debug-token 
"c3f0a7"

Cookies

Request Cookies

Key Value
PHPSESSID 
"iukbtirpan9v9n2gf5efl07h25"

Response Cookies

No response cookies

Session 6

Session Metadata

Key Value
Created 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 13:32:50 +0000"
Last used 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 13:33:08 +0000"
Lifetime 
0

Session Attributes

Attribute Value
_csrf/https-comment 
"mnBvG_uDplWXQXjBAu485vhytTp8zTU9rzypT7CBlKg"
_csrf/https-cookie_accept 
"bp1TYWttcSR-zDdbcBx2fee-feu37C23PxqnlBN2Rus"

Session Usage

6 Usages
Stateless check enabled
Usage
Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:76
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:79
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:52
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:56
Show trace 
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    "line" => 181
    "function" => "show"
    "class" => "App\Controller\ArticleController"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/Kernel.php"
    "line" => 197
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/runtime/Runner/Symfony/HttpKernelRunner.php"
    "line" => 35
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Kernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    "line" => 29
    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
  ]
]
Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage:41
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-core/Authentication/Token/Storage/UsageTrackingTokenStorage.php"
    "line" => 41
    "function" => "getMetadataBag"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/twig-bridge/AppVariable.php"
    "line" => 103
    "function" => "getToken"
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    "function" => "twig_get_attribute"
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    "function" => "handle"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/Fragment/InlineFragmentRenderer.php"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/TemplateWrapper.php"
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    "line" => 453
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    "function" => "doRender"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/src/Controller/ArticleController.php"
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    "function" => "render"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
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    "function" => "show"
    "class" => "App\Controller\ArticleController"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/Kernel.php"
    "line" => 197
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/runtime/Runner/Symfony/HttpKernelRunner.php"
    "line" => 35
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Kernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    "line" => 29
    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
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]
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener:171
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-http/Firewall/ContextListener.php"
    "line" => 171
    "function" => "remove"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/Debug/WrappedListener.php"
    "line" => 116
    "function" => "onKernelResponse"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 220
    "function" => "__invoke"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\WrappedListener"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 56
    "function" => "callListeners"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/Debug/TraceableEventDispatcher.php"
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    "function" => "dispatch"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
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    "function" => "dispatch"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\TraceableEventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 202
    "function" => "filterResponse"
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    "type" => "->"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
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    "function" => "handleRaw"
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]

Flashes

Flashes

No flash messages were created.

Server Parameters

Server Parameters

Defined in .env

Key Value
APP_ENV 
"dev"
APP_SECRET 
"0a988e63f011514eaabfc650b599af4d"
CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN 
"*"
DATABASE_URL 
"mysql://bbndb_rctuser:33F5W25z40or0f7@localhost:3306/rct_bbntimes"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAANxzTG8ZMfIjil1wu-1vrQvnUt-x"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAAENKcn73MJAhQrbtQeqgyC4wDLMP"
MAILER_DSN 
"smtp://no-reply%40rct.dev.bbntimes.com:Bl6%26gLD48%26Of919@rct.dev.bbntimes.com:465"
MARIADB_PASSWORD 
"i!87pK&!85ezc8"

Defined as regular env variables

Key Value
APP_DEBUG 
"1"
BASE 
"/public"
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
CONTEXT_PREFIX 
""
DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
FCGI_ROLE 
"RESPONDER"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE 
"CGI/1.1"
HTTPS 
"on"
HTTP_ACCEPT 
"*/*"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_CONNECTION 
"close"
HTTP_COOKIE 
"PHPSESSID=iukbtirpan9v9n2gf5efl07h25"
HTTP_HOST 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PATH 
"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
PHP_SELF 
"/public/index.php"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_CGI_INDEX 
"plesk-php81-fastcgi"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_INI 
"/var/www/vhosts/system/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/etc/php.ini"
QUERY_STRING 
""
REDIRECT_BASE 
"/public"
REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/production-use-and-fate-of-all-plastics-ever-made"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/production-use-and-fate-of-all-plastics-ever-made"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nSFbiBoyj8JZ8-HGyEFgAAABQ"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/production-use-and-fate-of-all-plastics-ever-made"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/production-use-and-fate-of-all-plastics-ever-made"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nSFbiBoyj8JZ8-HGyEFgAAABQ"
REDIRECT_URL 
"/public/global-economy/production-use-and-fate-of-all-plastics-ever-made"
REMOTE_ADDR 
"3.15.220.148"
REMOTE_PORT 
"3149"
REQUEST_METHOD 
"GET"
REQUEST_SCHEME 
"https"
REQUEST_TIME 
1740231189
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT 
1740231189.8771
REQUEST_URI 
"/global-economy/production-use-and-fate-of-all-plastics-ever-made"
SCRIPT_FILENAME 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_NAME 
"/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/production-use-and-fate-of-all-plastics-ever-made"
SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/production-use-and-fate-of-all-plastics-ever-made"
SERVER_ADDR 
"5.196.1.209"
SERVER_ADMIN 
"[no address given]"
SERVER_NAME 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SERVER_PORT 
"443"
SERVER_PROTOCOL 
"HTTP/1.1"
SERVER_SIGNATURE 
"<address>Apache Server at rct.dev.bbntimes.com Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE 
"Apache"
SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SYMFONY_DOTENV_VARS 
"APP_ENV,APP_SECRET,DATABASE_URL,MARIADB_PASSWORD,CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN,MAILER_DSN,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY"
UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nSFbiBoyj8JZ8-HGyEFgAAABQ"

Sub Requests 6

CookieController :: renderAnalysis (token = 89df0b)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderAnalysis"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"6e8666"

AppController :: renderHeader (token = 8fbacb)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderHeader"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"1fa3aa"
slug 
"home"

ArticleController :: trendingArticle (token = 2896b7)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::trendingArticle"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"f41c3f"
category 
"Global Economy"

ArticleController :: relatedArticles (token = 3339ae)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::relatedArticles"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"022114"
current_article 
App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 5196
  -title: "Production, Use and Fate of All Plastics Ever Made"
  -slug: "production-use-and-fate-of-all-plastics-ever-made"
  -introtext: """
    <div>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1"><span style="color: #000000;">Back&nbsp;</span><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AFI%27s_100_Years...100_Movie_Quotes"><span class="s2"><span style="color: #000000;">in</span> 2005, the American Film Institute released a list of the 100 most memorable and lasting bits of film dialogue&nbsp;</span></a><span style="color: #000000;">of all time. The first two, for example, were ""Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn"&nbsp;</span><span style="color: #000000;">and "I'm gonna make him an offer he can't refuse." Number 41 on the list was "Plastics." from the 1967&nbsp; film&nbsp;<i>The Graduate,&nbsp;</i>which</span>&nbsp;<a href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0061722/awards"><span class="s2">won Oscars</span></a>&nbsp;<span style="color: #000000;">for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor (Dustin Hoffman) and Best Actress (Anne Bancroft).</span></span></p>\r\n
    """
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">In that movie, the dazed-and-confused soon-to-be college graduate Benjamin Braddock, played by Dustin Hoffman, is drifting through a dinner party full of his parents' friends. One of his father's well-meaning and clueless friends named Mr. Maguire, played by Walter Brooke, traps Benjamin into this conversation:</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;"><b>Mr. McGuire:</b>&nbsp;I want to say one word to you. Just one word.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;"><b>Benjamin:</b>&nbsp;Yes, sir.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;"><b>Mr. McGuire:</b>&nbsp;Are you listening?</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;"><b>Benjamin:</b>&nbsp;Yes, I am.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;"><b>Mr. McGuire:</b>&nbsp;Plastics.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;"><b>Benjamin:</b>&nbsp;Exactly how do you mean?</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;"><b>Mr. McGuire:</b>&nbsp;There's a great future in plastics. Think about it. Will you think about it?</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p3"><span class="s3"><span style="color: #000000;">For those who are thinking about it,</span>&nbsp;<a href="https://advances.sciencemag.org/content/3/7/e1700782"><span class="s2">Roland Geyer, Jenna R. Jambeck, and Kara Lavender Law have written ""Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made"</span></a>&nbsp;<span style="color: #000000;">(<i>Science Advances</i>, July 19, 2017,&nbsp; 3:7, e1700782). They write:</span></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Although the first synthetic plastics, such as Bakelite, appeared in the early 20th century, widespread use of plastics outside of the military did not occur until after World War II. ... plastics’ largest market is packaging, an application whose growth was accelerated by a global shift from reusable to single-use containers. As a result, the share of plastics in municipal solid waste (by mass) increased from less than 1% in 1960 to more than 10% by 2005 in middle- and high-income countries. ... By identifying and synthesizing dispersed data on production, use, and end-of-life management of polymer resins, synthetic fibers, and additives, we present the first global analysis of all mass-produced plastics ever manufactured.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">They look at all the purposes for which plastic is used, and then the periods of time these products are in use, from short-term uses like packaging to long-term uses like construction. They write:&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Global production of resins and fibers increased from 2 Mt in 1950 to 380 Mt in 2015, a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 8.4% (table S1), roughly 2.5 times the CAGR [compound annual growth rate] of the global gross domestic product during that period. The total amount of resins and fibers manufactured from 1950 through 2015 is 7800 Mt. Half of this—3900 Mt—was produced in just the past 13 years.&nbsp;Today, China alone accounts for 28% of global resin and 68% of global PP&amp;A [polyester, polyamide, and acrylic] fiber production ...&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">We estimate that 2500 Mt of plastics—or 30% of all plastics ever produced—are currently in use. Between 1950 and 2015, cumulative waste generation of primary and secondary (recycled) plastic waste amounted to 6300 Mt. Of this, approximately 800 Mt (12%) of plastics have been incinerated and 600 Mt (9%) have been recycled, only 10% of which have been recycled more than once. Around 4900 Mt—60% of all plastics ever produced—were discarded and are accumulating in landfills or in the natural environment.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Here's a figure showing some their estimates of plastic waste generation and disposal since 1950 and projected up through 2050. The calculations suggest that even with a substantial rise in incineration and recycling of plastic, the cumulative amount of plastic discarded will rise substantially in the next few decades.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <br /><br /></div>\r\n
    <div class="separator"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gNKbRtu8OY0/XdYIjNtvxBI/AAAAAAAAKCE/zxudK4m57IEYCAm-q3PX-bjzWKKF4Z8dwCLcBGAsYHQ/s1600/plastic%2B1.jpg"><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-gNKbRtu8OY0/XdYIjNtvxBI/AAAAAAAAKCE/zxudK4m57IEYCAm-q3PX-bjzWKKF4Z8dwCLcBGAsYHQ/s400/plastic%2B1.jpg" alt="" width="400" height="257" border="0" data-original-height="567" data-original-width="879" /></a></div>\r\n
    <div><br />\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">As the authors note, we are essentially carrying out an uncontrolled global experiment on how plastic waste may affect the environment:</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1">Plastic waste is now so ubiquitous in the environment that it has been suggested as a geological indicator of the proposed Anthropocene era ... None of the mass-produced plastics biodegrade in any meaningful way; however, sunlight weakens the materials, causing fragmentation into particles known to reach millimeters or micrometers in size. Research into the environmental impacts of these “microplastics” in marine and freshwater environments has accelerated in recent years, but little is known about the impacts of plastic waste in land-based ecosystems. ...</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1">The growth of plastics production in the past 65 years has substantially outpaced any other manufactured material. The same properties that make plastics so versatile in innumerable applications—durability and resistance to degradation—make these materials difficult or impossible for nature to assimilate. Thus, without a well-designed and tailor-made management strategy for end-of-life plastics, humans are conducting a singular uncontrolled experiment on a global scale, in which billions of metric tons of material will accumulate across all major terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems on the planet. The relative advantages and disadvantages of dematerialization, substitution, reuse, material recycling, waste-to-energy, and conversion technologies must be carefully considered to design the best solutions to the environmental challenges posed by the enormous and sustained global growth in plastics production and use.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">A version of this article first appeared on <a href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2019/11/production-use-and-fate-of-all-plastics.html"><span class="s2">Conversable Economist</span></a>.</span></p>\r\n
    </div>
    """
  -user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1092 …}
  -createdAt: DateTime @1575410403 {#1145
    date: 2019-12-03 22:00:03.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -updatedAt: DateTime @1575412699 {#1150
    date: 2019-12-03 22:38:19.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -deletedAt: null
  -category: App\Entity\Category {#445 …}
  -status: "published"
  -imageCard: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -ImageHeader: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -featured: false
  -mainView: false
  -clicks: 2496
  -comments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1125 …}
  -reviewed_at: DateTime @1575410403 {#1148
    date: 2019-12-03 22:00:03.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -metakey: ""
  -metadesc: """
    Back\u{A0}in 2005, the American Film Institute released a list of the 100 most memorable and lasting bits of film dialogue\u{A0}of all time. The first two, for example, were ""Frankly, my dear, I don't give a damn"\r\n
    and "I'm gonna make him an offer he can't refuse." Number 41 on the list was "Plastics." from the 1967\u{A0} film\u{A0}The Graduate,\u{A0}which\u{A0}won Oscars\u{A0}for Best Picture, Best Director, Best Actor (Dustin Hoffman) and Best Actress (Anne Bancroft).
    """
  -robots: null
  -publishedAt: DateTime @1575410403 {#1147
    date: 2019-12-03 22:00:03.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -canonical: null
  -superTag: null
}

AppController :: renderFooter (token = e40d4f)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderFooter"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"5736ba"

CookieController :: renderCookie (token = b2f043)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderCookie"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"f40f71"