GET https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/some-12-grader-education-inequalities-by-race

Response
200 OK
IP
3.15.3.102
Profiled on
Token
d6ca49

ArticleController :: show

Request

GET Parameters

None

POST Parameters

None

Uploaded Files

None

Request Attributes

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::show"
_firewall_context 
"security.firewall.map.context.main"
_links 
Symfony\Component\WebLink\GenericLinkProvider {#3685
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    3804 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3804
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      -attributes: [
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    3803 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3803
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      -rel: [
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      -attributes: [
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    3802 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3802
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      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3799 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3799
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      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3798 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3798
      -href: "/build/scroll-infinite-article.js"
      -rel: [
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      ]
      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3797 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3797
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      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3796 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3796
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      -rel: [
        "preload" => "preload"
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      -attributes: [
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      ]
    }
    3795 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3795
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      -rel: [
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      -attributes: [
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    3794 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3794
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      -attributes: [
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    }
    3793 => Symfony\Component\WebLink\Link {#3793
      -href: "/build/comment-css.css"
      -rel: [
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      -attributes: [
        "as" => "style"
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}
_route 
"article_show"
_route_params 
[
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  "slug" => "some-12-grader-education-inequalities-by-race"
]
_security_firewall_run 
"_security_main"
_stopwatch_token 
"24635d"
category 
"global-economy"
slug 
"some-12-grader-education-inequalities-by-race"

Request Headers

Header Value
accept 
"*/*"
accept-encoding 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
connection 
"close"
cookie 
"PHPSESSID=eiou1c7vgn36i94dbkr5vosi6t"
host 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
user-agent 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
x-php-ob-level 
"1"

Request Content

Request content not available (it was retrieved as a resource).

Response

Response Headers

Header Value
cache-control 
"no-cache, private"
content-type 
"text/html; charset=UTF-8"
date 
"Sat, 22 Feb 2025 09:00:37 GMT"
link 
"</build/runtime.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/644.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/502.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/view-more.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/term-condition.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/contact.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/scroll-infinite-article.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/cookie-style.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/term-condition-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/contact-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/comment-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style""
x-debug-token 
"d6ca49"

Cookies

Request Cookies

Key Value
PHPSESSID 
"eiou1c7vgn36i94dbkr5vosi6t"

Response Cookies

No response cookies

Session 6

Session Metadata

Key Value
Created 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 09:00:12 +0000"
Last used 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 09:00:35 +0000"
Lifetime 
0

Session Attributes

Attribute Value
_csrf/https-comment 
"nNtwdz0zjlPV7qUphRTUp5RhOXxPT8BjynAKizuMOsw"
_csrf/https-cookie_accept 
"0w6EXw8UwBxl99Q8QJceYYjemGkBA6_i7eJCGoNHQVI"

Session Usage

6 Usages
Stateless check enabled
Usage
Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:76
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:79
Show trace 
[
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:52
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:56
Show trace 
[
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    "type" => "->"
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    "function" => "handleRaw"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
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    "line" => 197
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/runtime/Runner/Symfony/HttpKernelRunner.php"
    "line" => 35
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Kernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    "line" => 29
    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
  ]
]
Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage:41
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-core/Authentication/Token/Storage/UsageTrackingTokenStorage.php"
    "line" => 41
    "function" => "getMetadataBag"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/twig-bridge/AppVariable.php"
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    "function" => "getToken"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpCache/SubRequestHandler.php"
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    "function" => "handle"
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    "line" => 379
    "function" => "display"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/TemplateWrapper.php"
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    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Twig\Template"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/Environment.php"
    "line" => 280
    "function" => "render"
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    "function" => "render"
    "class" => "Twig\Environment"
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    "line" => 453
    "function" => "doRenderView"
    "class" => "Symfony\Bundle\FrameworkBundle\Controller\AbstractController"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/framework-bundle/Controller/AbstractController.php"
    "line" => 253
    "function" => "doRender"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/src/Controller/ArticleController.php"
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    "function" => "render"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
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    "function" => "show"
    "class" => "App\Controller\ArticleController"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
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    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
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    "type" => "->"
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  [
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    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/runtime/Runner/Symfony/HttpKernelRunner.php"
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    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Kernel"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    "line" => 29
    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
  ]
]
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener:171
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-http/Firewall/ContextListener.php"
    "line" => 171
    "function" => "remove"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/Debug/WrappedListener.php"
    "line" => 116
    "function" => "onKernelResponse"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 220
    "function" => "__invoke"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\WrappedListener"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 56
    "function" => "callListeners"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/Debug/TraceableEventDispatcher.php"
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    "function" => "dispatch"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
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    "function" => "dispatch"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\TraceableEventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 202
    "function" => "filterResponse"
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    "type" => "->"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
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    "function" => "handleRaw"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
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    "function" => "run"
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]

Flashes

Flashes

No flash messages were created.

Server Parameters

Server Parameters

Defined in .env

Key Value
APP_ENV 
"dev"
APP_SECRET 
"0a988e63f011514eaabfc650b599af4d"
CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN 
"*"
DATABASE_URL 
"mysql://bbndb_rctuser:33F5W25z40or0f7@localhost:3306/rct_bbntimes"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAANxzTG8ZMfIjil1wu-1vrQvnUt-x"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAAENKcn73MJAhQrbtQeqgyC4wDLMP"
MAILER_DSN 
"smtp://no-reply%40rct.dev.bbntimes.com:Bl6%26gLD48%26Of919@rct.dev.bbntimes.com:465"
MARIADB_PASSWORD 
"i!87pK&!85ezc8"

Defined as regular env variables

Key Value
APP_DEBUG 
"1"
BASE 
"/public"
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
CONTEXT_PREFIX 
""
DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
FCGI_ROLE 
"RESPONDER"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE 
"CGI/1.1"
HTTPS 
"on"
HTTP_ACCEPT 
"*/*"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_CONNECTION 
"close"
HTTP_COOKIE 
"PHPSESSID=eiou1c7vgn36i94dbkr5vosi6t"
HTTP_HOST 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PATH 
"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
PHP_SELF 
"/public/index.php"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_CGI_INDEX 
"plesk-php81-fastcgi"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_INI 
"/var/www/vhosts/system/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/etc/php.ini"
QUERY_STRING 
""
REDIRECT_BASE 
"/public"
REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/some-12-grader-education-inequalities-by-race"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/some-12-grader-education-inequalities-by-race"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7mSNLiBoyj8JZ8-HGx2lgAAAA8"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/some-12-grader-education-inequalities-by-race"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/some-12-grader-education-inequalities-by-race"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7mSNLiBoyj8JZ8-HGx2lgAAAA8"
REDIRECT_URL 
"/public/global-economy/some-12-grader-education-inequalities-by-race"
REMOTE_ADDR 
"3.15.3.102"
REMOTE_PORT 
"7360"
REQUEST_METHOD 
"GET"
REQUEST_SCHEME 
"https"
REQUEST_TIME 
1740214836
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT 
1740214836.7336
REQUEST_URI 
"/global-economy/some-12-grader-education-inequalities-by-race"
SCRIPT_FILENAME 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_NAME 
"/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/some-12-grader-education-inequalities-by-race"
SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/some-12-grader-education-inequalities-by-race"
SERVER_ADDR 
"5.196.1.209"
SERVER_ADMIN 
"[no address given]"
SERVER_NAME 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SERVER_PORT 
"443"
SERVER_PROTOCOL 
"HTTP/1.1"
SERVER_SIGNATURE 
"<address>Apache Server at rct.dev.bbntimes.com Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE 
"Apache"
SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SYMFONY_DOTENV_VARS 
"APP_ENV,APP_SECRET,DATABASE_URL,MARIADB_PASSWORD,CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN,MAILER_DSN,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY"
UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7mSNLiBoyj8JZ8-HGx2lgAAAA8"

Sub Requests 6

CookieController :: renderAnalysis (token = 357374)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderAnalysis"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"c9820d"

AppController :: renderHeader (token = ba2eea)

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ArticleController :: trendingArticle (token = 73ca7a)

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ArticleController :: relatedArticles (token = 13a3e4)

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current_article 
App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 7275
  -title: "Some 12-Grader Education Inequalities by Race"
  -slug: "some-12-grader-education-inequalities-by-race"
  -introtext: "<p class="p1"><span class="s1"><span style="color: #000000;">One of the most concerning US racial inequalities is the one embodied in K-12 academic preparation, which often sets the stage for additional education, jobs, income levels, the neighborhood where you live, and more. </span></span></p>\r\n"
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1"><span style="color: #000000;">The</span>&nbsp;<a href="https://nces.ed.gov/nationsreportcard/"><span class="s2">National Assessment of Educational Progress is often referred to as the "Nation's Report Card."</span></a>&nbsp;<span style="color: #000000;">It's a nationally representative test. The results for 12th graders who graduated in 2019 are now available.&nbsp;</span></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s2"><a href="https://www.nationsreportcard.gov/highlights/mathematics/2019/g12/">On the math side</a></span><span class="s1">,<span style="color: #000000;"> the median score (that is, half scored higher and half scored lower) was 150. The 25th percentile score was 125, and the 75th percentile score was 150. Here's the breakdown by race/ethnicity.&nbsp;</span></span></p>\r\n
    <div class="separator"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AmzeBmftfT4/X5w3P-noKqI/AAAAAAAAK0g/wL7z2zTib2ge0QXaDCCQyi5xSfy6F8WYwCLcBGAsYHQ/s573/naep%2B2.jpg"><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-AmzeBmftfT4/X5w3P-noKqI/AAAAAAAAK0g/wL7z2zTib2ge0QXaDCCQyi5xSfy6F8WYwCLcBGAsYHQ/w419-h342/naep+2.jpg" alt="Figure 1" width="419" height="342" data-original-height="468" data-original-width="573" /></a></div>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;"><br />As the chart shows, average math scores are up for some groups. But the gap between white and black scores is just a bit larger in 2019 than in 2005.&nbsp; Remember, an entire cohort of K-12 student who were just entering school about 2005 have now graduated. The gaps that were apparent in 2005 persist.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">For reading scores, the median was a score of 288, with the 25th percentile at 258 and the 75th percentile at 315. The data for reading is not presented in the same way as for math (!), but it's possible to go through some tables and create a similar graph for 12th grade reading scores by race/ethnicity.<br /><br /></span></p>\r\n
    <div class="separator"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SFgmOeD1370/X5w8b0Zd6AI/AAAAAAAAK00/nCQ5oqwKKk8w6Df0wWlg-xAndZ65WMuKgCLcBGAsYHQ/s828/naep%2B3.jpg"><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-SFgmOeD1370/X5w8b0Zd6AI/AAAAAAAAK00/nCQ5oqwKKk8w6Df0wWlg-xAndZ65WMuKgCLcBGAsYHQ/w381-h237/naep+3.jpg" alt="Figure 2" width="381" height="237" data-original-height="516" data-original-width="828" /></a></div>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;"><br />Again, average reading scores are up for some groups. But the gap between white and black scores is just larger in 2019 than in 2005; indeed, a different figure going back to 1992 shows that the white/black gap in scores in 2019 is the largest during this time.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">There is of course a considerable body of research that seeks to explore and explain these gaps. A common finding in this research is that there are strong correlations between levels of parental income and education and student achievement.&nbsp; Here are a couple of examples that crossed my desk.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1"><span style="color: #000000;">Kenneth A. Shores, Ha Eun Kim, and Mela Still,</span>&nbsp;<a href="https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.3102/0002831219900128"><span class="s2">"Categorical Inequality in Black and White: Linking Disproportionality across Multiple Educational Outcomes"&nbsp;</span></a><span style="color: #000000;">(<i>American Educational Research Journal</i>, October 2020, 57:5, pp. 2089–2131). From the abstract: "We characterize the extent to which Black-White gaps for multiple educational outcomes are linked across school districts in the United States. Gaps in disciplinary action, grade-level retention, classification into special education and Gifted and Talented, and Advanced Placement course-taking are large in magnitude and correlated. Racial differences in family income and parent education are strikingly consistent predictors of these gaps, and districts with large gaps in one outcome are likely to have large gaps in another. Socioeconomic and segregation variables explain 1.7 to 3.5 times more variance for achievement relative to non-achievement outcomes."&nbsp;</span></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Sean F. Reardon,&nbsp;&nbsp;Ericka Weathers,&nbsp;&nbsp;Erin Fahle, Heewon Jang, and Demetra Kalogrides have written&nbsp;</span><span class="s2"><a href="https://cepa.stanford.edu/content/separate-still-unequal-new-evidence-school-segregation-and-racial-academic-achievement-gaps">"Is Separate Still Unequal? New Evidence on School Segregation and Racial Academic Achievement Gaps"&nbsp;</a></span><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">(Stanford Center for Education Policy Analysis, September 2019).&nbsp; From the abstract: "In this paper we estimate the effects of current-day school segregation on racial achievement gaps. We use 8 years of data from all public school districts in the U.S. We find that racial school segregation is strongly associated with the magnitude of achievement gaps in 3rd grade, and with the rate at which gaps grow from third to eighth grade. The association of racial segregation with achievement gaps is completely accounted for by racial differences in school poverty: racial segregation appears to be harmful because it concentrates minority students in high-poverty schools, which are, on average, less effective than lower-poverty schools. Finally, we conduct exploratory analyses to examine potential mechanisms through which differential enrollment in high-poverty schools leads to inequality. We find that the effects of school poverty do not appear to be explained by differences in the set of measurable teacher or school characteristics available to us."</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">This article isn't the place to try to solve America's K-12 education issues, which are of long standing. But I'll add a few thoughts.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="s1">1) It's not a good thing to have large and persistent gaps in educational performance across groups. It perpetuates previous inequalities. Moreover, a country that does a better job of building its human capital will also be a country with higher levels of growth and wealth.</span><span class="s1"></span></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1"><span style="color: #000000;">2) There are surely places in the vast K-12 system where additional funding would help. But by international standards, the</span>&nbsp;<a href="https://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2012/08/us-educational-achievement-in.html"><span class="s2">US K-12 education system is not performing especially well</span></a>. <span style="color: #000000;">However, the</span>&nbsp;<a href="https://nces.ed.gov/programs/coe/indicator_cmd.asp"><span class="s2">per-student spending is pretty much what would be expected by international standards</span></a>,<span style="color: #000000;"> given the US level of per capita GDP.</span></span></p>\r\n
    <div>&nbsp;</div>\r\n
    <div class="separator"><a href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JxJfXnUR3Jg/X5xFBAy9_7I/AAAAAAAAK1A/FX5cPLKJU7YeDX7zCDjsAb6GoqUvtwtTQCLcBGAsYHQ/s961/education%2B1.jpg"><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-JxJfXnUR3Jg/X5xFBAy9_7I/AAAAAAAAK1A/FX5cPLKJU7YeDX7zCDjsAb6GoqUvtwtTQCLcBGAsYHQ/w559-h320/education+1.jpg" alt="Figure 3" width="559" height="320" data-original-height="550" data-original-width="961" /></a></div>\r\n
    <div><br />\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1"><span style="color: #000000;">3) There's a line of research which suggests that what students often need is to build up the personal skills and resources that the need to be successful at school. Christopher L. Quarles,&nbsp;&nbsp;Ceren Budak and&nbsp;Paul Resnick make this argument about community college students in</span> "<a href="https://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/10.1126/sciadv.aaz5954"><span class="s2">The shape of educational inequality"</span></a>&nbsp;<span style="color: #000000;">(<i>Science Advances</i>,&nbsp; July 15, 2020,)</span></span><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;"></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">4) Many of our social arguments about education these days seem to revolve around&nbsp; issues like about admissions criteria for selective colleges: Harvard, Yale,&nbsp;Michigan, Texas, Berkeley and others. But the problem of racial inequality in the US education system is not that all the problems are pretty much fixed, except for fairness of admissions at some top universities.&nbsp; Indeed, the prominence given to these arguments about admissions patterns at selective universities sometimes seems to me like a way of avoiding racial inequalities that have now persisted for multiple generations of families.&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    </div>
    """
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  -metakey: "Some 12-Grader Education Inequalities by Race"
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AppController :: renderFooter (token = d49aca)

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CookieController :: renderCookie (token = c6da41)

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