GET https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/interview-with-esther-duflo-on-experimental-methods-and-inequality

Response
200 OK
IP
3.148.104.65
Profiled on
Token
df025b

ArticleController :: show

Request

GET Parameters

None

POST Parameters

None

Uploaded Files

None

Request Attributes

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"interview-with-esther-duflo-on-experimental-methods-and-inequality"

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"*/*"
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"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
connection 
"close"
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x-php-ob-level 
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Request Content

Request content not available (it was retrieved as a resource).

Response

Response Headers

Header Value
cache-control 
"no-cache, private"
content-type 
"text/html; charset=UTF-8"
date 
"Sat, 22 Feb 2025 13:25:05 GMT"
link 
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x-debug-token 
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Cookies

Request Cookies

Key Value
PHPSESSID 
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care_did 
"1aa6b749-b2b5-44fd-97bd-8760ac696bbc"

Response Cookies

No response cookies

Session 6

Session Metadata

Key Value
Created 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 13:22:42 +0000"
Last used 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 13:25:02 +0000"
Lifetime 
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Attribute Value
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Stateless check enabled
Usage
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:79
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:56
Show trace 
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    "function" => "run"
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    "function" => "require_once"
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]
Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage:41
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-core/Authentication/Token/Storage/UsageTrackingTokenStorage.php"
    "line" => 41
    "function" => "getMetadataBag"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
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    ]
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]
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener:171
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-http/Firewall/ContextListener.php"
    "line" => 171
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    "function" => "onKernelResponse"
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    "function" => "__invoke"
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Flashes

Flashes

No flash messages were created.

Server Parameters

Server Parameters

Defined in .env

Key Value
APP_ENV 
"dev"
APP_SECRET 
"0a988e63f011514eaabfc650b599af4d"
CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN 
"*"
DATABASE_URL 
"mysql://bbndb_rctuser:33F5W25z40or0f7@localhost:3306/rct_bbntimes"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAANxzTG8ZMfIjil1wu-1vrQvnUt-x"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAAENKcn73MJAhQrbtQeqgyC4wDLMP"
MAILER_DSN 
"smtp://no-reply%40rct.dev.bbntimes.com:Bl6%26gLD48%26Of919@rct.dev.bbntimes.com:465"
MARIADB_PASSWORD 
"i!87pK&!85ezc8"

Defined as regular env variables

Key Value
APP_DEBUG 
"1"
BASE 
"/public"
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
CONTEXT_PREFIX 
""
DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
FCGI_ROLE 
"RESPONDER"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE 
"CGI/1.1"
HTTPS 
"on"
HTTP_ACCEPT 
"*/*"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_CONNECTION 
"close"
HTTP_COOKIE 
"care_did=1aa6b749-b2b5-44fd-97bd-8760ac696bbc; PHPSESSID=opbe77fh48fctuvnmqt8m62cbn"
HTTP_HOST 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PATH 
"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
PHP_SELF 
"/public/index.php"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_CGI_INDEX 
"plesk-php81-fastcgi"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_INI 
"/var/www/vhosts/system/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/etc/php.ini"
QUERY_STRING 
""
REDIRECT_BASE 
"/public"
REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/interview-with-esther-duflo-on-experimental-methods-and-inequality"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/interview-with-esther-duflo-on-experimental-methods-and-inequality"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nQMJDyWLT8YV1VjBpTcgAAAII"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/interview-with-esther-duflo-on-experimental-methods-and-inequality"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/interview-with-esther-duflo-on-experimental-methods-and-inequality"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nQMJDyWLT8YV1VjBpTcgAAAII"
REDIRECT_URL 
"/public/global-economy/interview-with-esther-duflo-on-experimental-methods-and-inequality"
REMOTE_ADDR 
"3.148.104.65"
REMOTE_PORT 
"29588"
REQUEST_METHOD 
"GET"
REQUEST_SCHEME 
"https"
REQUEST_TIME 
1740230704
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT 
1740230704.8531
REQUEST_URI 
"/global-economy/interview-with-esther-duflo-on-experimental-methods-and-inequality"
SCRIPT_FILENAME 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_NAME 
"/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/interview-with-esther-duflo-on-experimental-methods-and-inequality"
SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/interview-with-esther-duflo-on-experimental-methods-and-inequality"
SERVER_ADDR 
"5.196.1.209"
SERVER_ADMIN 
"[no address given]"
SERVER_NAME 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SERVER_PORT 
"443"
SERVER_PROTOCOL 
"HTTP/1.1"
SERVER_SIGNATURE 
"<address>Apache Server at rct.dev.bbntimes.com Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE 
"Apache"
SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SYMFONY_DOTENV_VARS 
"APP_ENV,APP_SECRET,DATABASE_URL,MARIADB_PASSWORD,CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN,MAILER_DSN,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY"
UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nQMJDyWLT8YV1VjBpTcgAAAII"

Sub Requests 6

CookieController :: renderAnalysis (token = 6cea9d)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderAnalysis"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"13c56c"

AppController :: renderHeader (token = 428062)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderHeader"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"10f539"
slug 
"home"

ArticleController :: trendingArticle (token = f298bf)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::trendingArticle"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"8c7629"
category 
"Global Economy"

ArticleController :: relatedArticles (token = 32c408)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::relatedArticles"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"40eefb"
current_article 
App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 8399
  -title: "Interview with Esther Duflo: On Experimental Methods and Inequality"
  -slug: "interview-with-esther-duflo-on-experimental-methods-and-inequality"
  -introtext: "<p class="p1"><span class="s1">Douglas Clement provides an&nbsp;<a href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/article/2021/esther-duflo-interview-deciding-how-to-share"><span class="s2">"Esther Duflo interview: Deciding how to share"</span></a>&nbsp;(<i>For All</i>: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Spring 2021).&nbsp;&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n"
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1"><b>On the existence of a tradeoff between growth and inequality:</b></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1">I think the whole notion of a trade-off is likely a fallacy, for various reasons. First of all, there is no clear link either on theoretical grounds or empirically between higher inequality and more growth. There is no reason why inequality is necessary for growth. And there is no law of economics that says that growth increases inequality either. So I think there is no causality necessarily going in either direction; therefore, there is not necessarily a trade-off. Just as a matter of accounting, growth is equality-enhancing if most of the benefits of growth are going toward the poor. And growth is inequality-enhancing if most of the advantages are going toward the rich. Both are possible. I don’t think there is a systematic pattern either way. ...&nbsp;</span><span class="s1"></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1">In fact, we don’t seem to have much of a handle on what causes growth anyway, although we might have interesting theoretical narratives on growth. If there is a consensus among macroeconomists, it’s on what should be avoided at all costs, like hyperinflation. But there is not a set of recipes that guarantees growth, and it’s not that these recipes therefore lead to a trade-off. So, I think there is actually no trade-off.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1"><b>On how evidence from randomized control trials is like a pointillist painting</b></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1">The idea of the pointillist painting is, imagine a&nbsp;<a href="https://www.artic.edu/artworks/27992/a-sunday-on-la-grande-jatte-1884"><span class="s2">painting</span></a>&nbsp;by Seurat. It’s literally made of dots, and each of these dots on its own is perfectly nice, but it doesn’t generalize to anything. But if you step back and accumulate all these dots, you see the entire painting of, say, a family on the bank of the Seine having a picnic.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1">Suppose you’re trying to assemble a jigsaw puzzle of that Seurat painting. Just by looking at the rest of the painting, you sort of know what goes next. You have a prediction about where a given piece fits. You might find that your piece doesn’t fit. It might be wrong. It’s not what you expected. But the frame, the painting, gives you good guidance for what you might expect.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1">That’s how progress happens. The caricature is that you try one small experiment in one place, and then you can take the result to the entire world. That’s not it. The way it actually works is: Do your small experiment; get some findings that are interesting. They might contradict or confirm the theory that you started from, but they give you fodder for the next experiment, and so on and so forth, until you have an understanding of what might be the entire shape or contour of that problem.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2"><span class="s1"><b>On using the superstar power of economists to save lives</b></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1">My husband, Abhijit Banerjee, also a Nobel Prize laureate, was asked to be the chairman of the coronavirus response team in West Bengal. ...&nbsp;We knew from previous&nbsp;<a href="http://economics.mit.edu/files/16501"><span class="s2">work</span></a>&nbsp;... that stars and celebrities are very influential in conveying these messages, so we were looking for stars to pass along very basic social distancing advice to households in India at a time when it was completely confusing.&nbsp;It finally dawned on us that the best star we had was right on our team! Abhijit Banerjee has been a bit of a household name in West Bengal—where he’s from—since he won the Nobel Prize. ...</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1">Abhijit recorded messages that were sent in two rounds to subscribers with Airtel, a bigger subscriber network. One message was about asking people to be kind to coronavirus patients and not to shun them out of the village, and the other was about how travel during Durga Puja, where people normally come in droves to town and make pilgrimages to makeshift temples. So, potentially, a scene of millions of people crowded together, coming from everywhere and going back. It could have been a coronavirus disaster.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1">Abhijit worked with others in putting together something that was feasible. You cannot say, “Cancel the holiday.” That’s not really an option. So something that was feasible, but would improve things. And we sent one more round of messages urging people to stay home if they’re older, and if they do go out, visit just one location, and wear a mask.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1">And quickly after that, Durga Puja happened, and we saw that the attendance was down a significant amount from previous years. So it was much, much, much lower attendance. And we can now see whether there was an uptick of coronavirus and we don’t see that.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p2" style="padding-left: 30px;"><span class="s1">So, of course, it was not just his messages. There was also the chief minister went on television to relay the message. But this entire effort to convince people with clear messages about what to do seems to have been very effective. I’m convinced that that saved thousands and thousands of lives ultimately. You don’t get to do that every day.</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">For an earlier post on the award of the 2019 Nobel Prize in economics to Duflo, Banerjee, and Michael Kremer, see&nbsp;<a href="global-economy/a-nobel-for-the-experimental-approach-to-global-poverty-for-banerjee-duflo-and-kremer"><span class="s2">"A Nobel for the Experimental Approach to Global Poverty for Banerjee, Duflo, and Kremer"&nbsp;</span></a>(October 22, 2019).&nbsp;</span></p>
    """
  -user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1092 …}
  -createdAt: DateTime @1618834255 {#1145
    date: 2021-04-19 12:10:55.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -updatedAt: DateTime @1618834361 {#1150
    date: 2021-04-19 12:12:41.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -deletedAt: null
  -category: App\Entity\Category {#445 …}
  -status: "published"
  -imageCard: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -ImageHeader: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -featured: false
  -mainView: false
  -clicks: 2037
  -comments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1125 …}
  -reviewed_at: DateTime @1618834255 {#1148
    date: 2021-04-19 12:10:55.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -metakey: "Interview with Esther Duflo: On Experimental Methods and Inequality"
  -metadesc: "Douglas Clement provides an\u{A0}"Esther Duflo interview: Deciding how to share"\u{A0}(For All: Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis, Spring 2021).\u{A0}\u{A0}"
  -robots: null
  -publishedAt: DateTime @1618834255 {#1147
    date: 2021-04-19 12:10:55.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -canonical: null
  -superTag: null
}

AppController :: renderFooter (token = 4be034)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderFooter"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"c3dcdb"

CookieController :: renderCookie (token = 0a32e4)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderCookie"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"67150f"