GET https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/the-productivity-race-us-vs-germany-vs-japan

Response
200 OK
IP
3.135.232.171
Profiled on
Token
e03e30

ArticleController :: show

Request

GET Parameters

None

POST Parameters

None

Uploaded Files

None

Request Attributes

Key Value
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"_security_main"
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"6e319d"
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"global-economy"
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"the-productivity-race-us-vs-germany-vs-japan"

Request Headers

Header Value
accept 
"*/*"
accept-encoding 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
connection 
"close"
cookie 
"tudorwatch_lang=tr; PHPSESSID=oeohvp3ou88ildojt9kpi7gdlu"
host 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
user-agent 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
x-php-ob-level 
"1"

Request Content

Request content not available (it was retrieved as a resource).

Response

Response Headers

Header Value
cache-control 
"no-cache, private"
content-type 
"text/html; charset=UTF-8"
date 
"Sat, 22 Feb 2025 08:27:50 GMT"
link 
"</build/runtime.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/644.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/502.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/view-more.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/term-condition.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/contact.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/scroll-infinite-article.js>; rel="preload"; as="script",</build/app.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/cookie-style.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/term-condition-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/contact-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style",</build/comment-css.css>; rel="preload"; as="style""
x-debug-token 
"e03e30"

Cookies

Request Cookies

Key Value
PHPSESSID 
"oeohvp3ou88ildojt9kpi7gdlu"
tudorwatch_lang 
"tr"

Response Cookies

No response cookies

Session 6

Session Metadata

Key Value
Created 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 08:27:35 +0000"
Last used 
"Sat, 22 Feb 25 08:27:47 +0000"
Lifetime 
0

Session Attributes

Attribute Value
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_csrf/https-cookie_accept 
"6w1ymV6mNWAe25S7Dzrr3wCO756_CgtHFYhk1ZFoxOM"

Session Usage

6 Usages
Stateless check enabled
Usage
Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:76
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:79
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:52
Show trace 
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Symfony\Component\Security\Csrf\TokenStorage\SessionTokenStorage:56
Show trace 
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 181
    "function" => "show"
    "class" => "App\Controller\ArticleController"
    "type" => "->"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/HttpKernel.php"
    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/http-kernel/Kernel.php"
    "line" => 197
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/runtime/Runner/Symfony/HttpKernelRunner.php"
    "line" => 35
    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\Kernel"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    "line" => 29
    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
  ]
]
Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage:41
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-core/Authentication/Token/Storage/UsageTrackingTokenStorage.php"
    "line" => 41
    "function" => "getMetadataBag"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/twig-bridge/AppVariable.php"
    "line" => 103
    "function" => "getToken"
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    "function" => "twig_get_attribute"
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    "function" => "handle"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/twig/twig/src/TemplateWrapper.php"
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    "line" => 453
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    "function" => "doRender"
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  [
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    "function" => "show"
    "class" => "App\Controller\ArticleController"
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    "line" => 76
    "function" => "handleRaw"
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    "type" => "->"
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  [
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    "function" => "handle"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
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    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
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  [
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    "line" => 5
    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
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]
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener:171
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-http/Firewall/ContextListener.php"
    "line" => 171
    "function" => "remove"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
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    "line" => 116
    "function" => "onKernelResponse"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener"
    "type" => "->"
  ]
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 220
    "function" => "__invoke"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\WrappedListener"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/event-dispatcher/EventDispatcher.php"
    "line" => 56
    "function" => "callListeners"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
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    "function" => "dispatch"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\EventDispatcher"
    "type" => "->"
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  [
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    "function" => "filterResponse"
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]

Flashes

Flashes

No flash messages were created.

Server Parameters

Server Parameters

Defined in .env

Key Value
APP_ENV 
"dev"
APP_SECRET 
"0a988e63f011514eaabfc650b599af4d"
CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN 
"*"
DATABASE_URL 
"mysql://bbndb_rctuser:33F5W25z40or0f7@localhost:3306/rct_bbntimes"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAANxzTG8ZMfIjil1wu-1vrQvnUt-x"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAAENKcn73MJAhQrbtQeqgyC4wDLMP"
MAILER_DSN 
"smtp://no-reply%40rct.dev.bbntimes.com:Bl6%26gLD48%26Of919@rct.dev.bbntimes.com:465"
MARIADB_PASSWORD 
"i!87pK&!85ezc8"

Defined as regular env variables

Key Value
APP_DEBUG 
"1"
BASE 
"/public"
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
CONTEXT_PREFIX 
""
DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
FCGI_ROLE 
"RESPONDER"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE 
"CGI/1.1"
HTTPS 
"on"
HTTP_ACCEPT 
"*/*"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_CONNECTION 
"close"
HTTP_COOKIE 
"tudorwatch_lang=tr; PHPSESSID=oeohvp3ou88ildojt9kpi7gdlu"
HTTP_HOST 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PATH 
"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
PHP_SELF 
"/public/index.php"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_CGI_INDEX 
"plesk-php81-fastcgi"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_INI 
"/var/www/vhosts/system/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/etc/php.ini"
QUERY_STRING 
""
REDIRECT_BASE 
"/public"
REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/the-productivity-race-us-vs-germany-vs-japan"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/the-productivity-race-us-vs-germany-vs-japan"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7mKhZDyWLT8YV1VjBo0aQAAAIY"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/the-productivity-race-us-vs-germany-vs-japan"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/the-productivity-race-us-vs-germany-vs-japan"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7mKhZDyWLT8YV1VjBo0aQAAAIY"
REDIRECT_URL 
"/public/global-economy/the-productivity-race-us-vs-germany-vs-japan"
REMOTE_ADDR 
"3.135.232.171"
REMOTE_PORT 
"8497"
REQUEST_METHOD 
"GET"
REQUEST_SCHEME 
"https"
REQUEST_TIME 
1740212869
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT 
1740212869.6852
REQUEST_URI 
"/global-economy/the-productivity-race-us-vs-germany-vs-japan"
SCRIPT_FILENAME 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_NAME 
"/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/the-productivity-race-us-vs-germany-vs-japan"
SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/the-productivity-race-us-vs-germany-vs-japan"
SERVER_ADDR 
"5.196.1.209"
SERVER_ADMIN 
"[no address given]"
SERVER_NAME 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SERVER_PORT 
"443"
SERVER_PROTOCOL 
"HTTP/1.1"
SERVER_SIGNATURE 
"<address>Apache Server at rct.dev.bbntimes.com Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE 
"Apache"
SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SYMFONY_DOTENV_VARS 
"APP_ENV,APP_SECRET,DATABASE_URL,MARIADB_PASSWORD,CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN,MAILER_DSN,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY"
UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7mKhZDyWLT8YV1VjBo0aQAAAIY"

Sub Requests 6

CookieController :: renderAnalysis (token = 5801d3)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderAnalysis"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"dbe034"

AppController :: renderHeader (token = 3dbe6a)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderHeader"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"5d0258"
slug 
"home"

ArticleController :: trendingArticle (token = 31c8ab)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::trendingArticle"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"49ea4f"
category 
"Global Economy"

ArticleController :: relatedArticles (token = c1962e)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::relatedArticles"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"36daae"
current_article 
App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 6315
  -title: "The Productivity Race: US vs. Germany vs. Japan"
  -slug: "the-productivity-race-us-vs-germany-vs-japan"
  -introtext: """
    <div>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">Over the long run of decades, essentially all of the gains in standard of living are due to higher levels of productivity. </span></p>\r\n
    """
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">On average and over time, what the people of a society produce is going to be closely linked what they can consume. In addition, the many and manifest problems of society are much easier to address in a context of an economy with rising productivity and economic growth, because an economy with flat productivity and zero growth is a zero-sum game, where helping one group always means imposing costs on others.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span style="color: #000000;"><span class="s1">Martin Neil Baily, Barry P. Bosworth and Siddhi Doshi search for "<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://iariw.us4.list-manage.com/track/click?u=3e86ed06da98568eed1bf7531&amp;id=bf5b1b66ac&amp;e=dceff7a553"><span class="s2">Lessons from Productivity Comparisons of Germany, Japan, and the United States</span></a>&nbsp;(<a style="color: #808080;" href="http://www.csls.ca/ipm/ipm38.asp"><span class="s2"><i>International Productivity Monitor</i></span></a></span>, Spring 2020, pp. 81=103). These are the three biggest high-income developed economies, and three of the four biggest economies in the world (of course, China is the other). However, they differ in their experiences in recent decades, as well as in their institutions and cross-industry patterns.&nbsp;</span><span class="s1"></span></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1" style="color: #000000;">As a starting point, here's a quick-and-basic measure of productivity: GDP per hour worked.&nbsp; Starting back in 1970, the US economy was way ahead in this measure of productivity: "Germany's aggregate productivity level was 0.72 relative to the United States in 1970, and Japan's aggregate productivity level was 0.40 relative to the US level in 1970." But Germany and Japan had more rapid productivity growth than the US in the 1980s and 1980s, and in fact Germany caught up to US levels. However, since about 1995, the US has reasserted its lead with faster productivity growth than Germany and Japan.</span></p>\r\n
    </div>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;"></span></div>\r\n
    <div class="separator"><span style="color: #000000;"><a style="color: #000000;" href="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Hf0jls9E17w/XupFtEX74gI/AAAAAAAAKd8/tTfmJl4SsGs3eE5Saatae_SAfxKf7C-7ACK4BGAsYHg/s951/productivity%2B1.jpg"><img src="https://1.bp.blogspot.com/-Hf0jls9E17w/XupFtEX74gI/AAAAAAAAKd8/tTfmJl4SsGs3eE5Saatae_SAfxKf7C-7ACK4BGAsYHg/w400-h228/productivity+1.jpg" alt="The Productivity Race: US vs. Germany vs. Japan" width="400" height="228" data-original-height="542" data-original-width="951" /></a></span></div>\r\n
    <div>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">As the authors look more deeply into these patterns, what do they see?&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">1) The figure measures output per hour worked, but <span style="color: #808080;">i<a style="color: #808080;" href="https://data.oecd.org/emp/hours-worked.htm"><span class="s2">n Germany the average worker worked 1363 hours in 2018, while the average US worker was on the job 1786 hours that year</span></a>.</span>&nbsp;(Take moment to wrap your mind around that difference. The average German workers worked more than 400 hours less in 2018--more than 10 weeks less!). Indeed, Germany has been substantially reducing average number of hours worked in recent years: for example,&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2018/09/a-shorter-work-week.html"><span class="s2">some German union workers negotiated for those who preferred it to choose a 28-hour work week</span></a></span>. If one instead did a comparison by output per worker, not output per hour worked, the gap would be larger: "However, Ger\u{AD}many has greatly reduced the number of hours worked per worker and so output per worker was only 73. 7 per cent of the US level in 2017."&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">Japan has also reduced hours worked.&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://data.oecd.org/emp/hours-worked.htm"><span class="s2">In 1990, for example, the average Japanese worker was on the job 2031 hours per year, compared with 1,833 hours for a US worker.</span></a></span>&nbsp;But by 2018, the average Japanese worker was at 1680 hour per year, lower than the US level of 1786 hours.&nbsp;</span><span class="s1"></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">2) These differences in hours worked across countries may also imply something about levels of productivity.&nbsp; For the sake of argument, let's hypothesize that the decline in hours in Germany and Japan tended to be larger for workers with lower skills. If that is true, then the comparison of GDP/hour worked is looking at a broader range of US workers compared with a group that lacks the same proportion of low-skilled workers in Germany and Japan.&nbsp;</span><span class="s1"></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">3) Of course, West and East Germany combined in the early 1990s, so what "Germany" means as an economy shifts at that time. But overall, the authors write: "The German economy caught up to the US level of productivity in the 1990s and&nbsp;has since remained close behind. Their economy lacks the innovative IT sector of the United States but has other ad\u{AD}vantages, including strong worker training. German GDP per capita is well below the US level, but that is because German work\u{AD}ers have many fewer annual hours of work, and more leisure."</span><span class="s1"></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">4) Of course, Japan has an economic meltdown for the ages in the early 1990s, from which its economy has arguably never fully recovered. The authors write: "In the 1990s that relative progress [for Japan] stalled out and GDP per hour worked fell further be\u{AD}hind the levels achieved in both Germany and the United States. Increasing the level of competitive intensity and driving out low productivity small and large firms would&nbsp;help complete Japan's convergence to the productivity frontier. The Japanese manu\u{AD}facturing sector still has strong productiv\u{AD}ity performance, setting the frontier level of productivity in some industries, but its rel\u{AD}ative performance has declined. ... The lit\u{AD}erature suggests Japan may have had dif\u{AD}ficulty with software development and the application of IT."&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">5) One can also do a breakdown of productivity by industry, and look for industries where productivity in one of these three countries seems especially low compared to the others. For the US, the construction and utilities are two industries where low productivity stands out.&nbsp; They write: "Recent productivity growth in the United States has been very slow indeed. There are promising technologies on the horizon but so far the gains are not being realized. The results in this article point to problem industries such as construction and utilities where productivity growth is very low or negative. While it is likely that productivity measurement needs to be im\u{AD}proved, there are also underlying problems associated with regulation and a lack of ef\u{AD}fective competition." I would add my own hobby-horses here for US productivity growth, which include an insufficient commitment to worker training and to research and development efforts.&nbsp;</span><span class="s1"></span></p>\r\n
    <p class="p1"><span class="s1">A version of this article first appeared on <span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2020/06/the-productivity-race-us-vs-germany-vs.html"><span class="s2">Conversable Economist.</span></a></span>&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    </div>\r\n
    <div>&nbsp;</div>
    """
  -user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1092 …}
  -createdAt: DateTime @1592589730 {#1145
    date: 2020-06-19 18:02:10.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -updatedAt: DateTime @1592589930 {#1150
    date: 2020-06-19 18:05:30.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -deletedAt: null
  -category: App\Entity\Category {#445 …}
  -status: "published"
  -imageCard: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -ImageHeader: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -featured: false
  -mainView: false
  -clicks: 5564
  -comments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1125 …}
  -reviewed_at: DateTime @1592589730 {#1148
    date: 2020-06-19 18:02:10.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -metakey: "US vs. Germany vs. Japan"
  -metadesc: "Over the long run of decades, essentially all of the gains in standard of living are due to higher levels of productivity."
  -robots: null
  -publishedAt: DateTime @1592589730 {#1147
    date: 2020-06-19 18:02:10.0 UTC (+00:00)
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  -canonical: null
  -superTag: null
}

AppController :: renderFooter (token = 8dcccf)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderFooter"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"8b79df"

CookieController :: renderCookie (token = 81c9d2)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderCookie"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"3b575c"