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Response
200 OK
IP
3.15.205.161
Profiled on
Token
f7424b

ArticleController :: show

Request

GET Parameters

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POST Parameters

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Uploaded Files

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"*/*"
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Request Content

Request content not available (it was retrieved as a resource).

Response

Response Headers

Header Value
cache-control 
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"text/html; charset=UTF-8"
date 
"Sat, 22 Feb 2025 13:35:19 GMT"
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Response Cookies

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Session 6

Session Metadata

Key Value
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Last used 
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Lifetime 
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Usage
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    "line" => 181
    "function" => "show"
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    "function" => "handleRaw"
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    "line" => 197
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    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpKernel\HttpKernel"
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    "function" => "run"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\Runtime\Runner\Symfony\HttpKernelRunner"
    "type" => "->"
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    ]
    "function" => "require_once"
  ]
]
Symfony\Component\Security\Core\Authentication\Token\Storage\UsageTrackingTokenStorage:41
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-core/Authentication/Token/Storage/UsageTrackingTokenStorage.php"
    "line" => 41
    "function" => "getMetadataBag"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\HttpFoundation\Session\Session"
    "type" => "->"
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    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/twig-bridge/AppVariable.php"
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    "type" => "->"
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    "args" => [
      "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/autoload_runtime.php"
    ]
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]
Symfony\Component\Security\Http\Firewall\ContextListener:171
Show trace 
[
  [
    "file" => "/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/vendor/symfony/security-http/Firewall/ContextListener.php"
    "line" => 171
    "function" => "remove"
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  [
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    "function" => "onKernelResponse"
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    "function" => "__invoke"
    "class" => "Symfony\Component\EventDispatcher\Debug\WrappedListener"
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    "function" => "callListeners"
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  [
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    "function" => "filterResponse"
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Flashes

Flashes

No flash messages were created.

Server Parameters

Server Parameters

Defined in .env

Key Value
APP_ENV 
"dev"
APP_SECRET 
"0a988e63f011514eaabfc650b599af4d"
CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN 
"*"
DATABASE_URL 
"mysql://bbndb_rctuser:33F5W25z40or0f7@localhost:3306/rct_bbntimes"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAANxzTG8ZMfIjil1wu-1vrQvnUt-x"
GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY 
"6LdV5fgpAAAAAENKcn73MJAhQrbtQeqgyC4wDLMP"
MAILER_DSN 
"smtp://no-reply%40rct.dev.bbntimes.com:Bl6%26gLD48%26Of919@rct.dev.bbntimes.com:465"
MARIADB_PASSWORD 
"i!87pK&!85ezc8"

Defined as regular env variables

Key Value
APP_DEBUG 
"1"
BASE 
"/public"
CONTEXT_DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
CONTEXT_PREFIX 
""
DOCUMENT_ROOT 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
FCGI_ROLE 
"RESPONDER"
GATEWAY_INTERFACE 
"CGI/1.1"
HTTPS 
"on"
HTTP_ACCEPT 
"*/*"
HTTP_ACCEPT_ENCODING 
"gzip, br, zstd, deflate"
HTTP_CONNECTION 
"close"
HTTP_COOKIE 
"PHPSESSID=kdtl3pvbo4178u46rb8ocvcev7; care_did=1820b277-0db3-4b80-8218-ec4dfb187504"
HTTP_HOST 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
HTTP_USER_AGENT 
"Mozilla/5.0 AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko; compatible; ClaudeBot/1.0; +claudebot@anthropic.com)"
PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
PATH 
"/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/sbin:/bin:/snap/bin"
PHP_SELF 
"/public/index.php"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_CGI_INDEX 
"plesk-php81-fastcgi"
PP_CUSTOM_PHP_INI 
"/var/www/vhosts/system/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/etc/php.ini"
QUERY_STRING 
""
REDIRECT_BASE 
"/public"
REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_HTTPS 
"on"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_COMPILE_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_PASSENGER_DOWNLOAD_NATIVE_SUPPORT_BINARY 
"0"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/left-number-bias-what-firms-haven-t-quite-figured-out"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/left-number-bias-what-firms-haven-t-quite-figured-out"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nSl5DyWLT8YV1VjBpW9QAAAIY"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/left-number-bias-what-firms-haven-t-quite-figured-out"
REDIRECT_SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/left-number-bias-what-firms-haven-t-quite-figured-out"
REDIRECT_SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
REDIRECT_STATUS 
"200"
REDIRECT_UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nSl5DyWLT8YV1VjBpW9QAAAIY"
REDIRECT_URL 
"/public/global-economy/left-number-bias-what-firms-haven-t-quite-figured-out"
REMOTE_ADDR 
"3.15.205.161"
REMOTE_PORT 
"30226"
REQUEST_METHOD 
"GET"
REQUEST_SCHEME 
"https"
REQUEST_TIME 
1740231319
REQUEST_TIME_FLOAT 
1740231319.1323
REQUEST_URI 
"/global-economy/left-number-bias-what-firms-haven-t-quite-figured-out"
SCRIPT_FILENAME 
"/var/www/vhosts/dev.bbntimes.com/rct.dev.bbntimes.com/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_NAME 
"/public/index.php"
SCRIPT_URI 
"https://rct.dev.bbntimes.com/global-economy/left-number-bias-what-firms-haven-t-quite-figured-out"
SCRIPT_URL 
"/global-economy/left-number-bias-what-firms-haven-t-quite-figured-out"
SERVER_ADDR 
"5.196.1.209"
SERVER_ADMIN 
"[no address given]"
SERVER_NAME 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SERVER_PORT 
"443"
SERVER_PROTOCOL 
"HTTP/1.1"
SERVER_SIGNATURE 
"<address>Apache Server at rct.dev.bbntimes.com Port 443</address>\n"
SERVER_SOFTWARE 
"Apache"
SSL_TLS_SNI 
"rct.dev.bbntimes.com"
SYMFONY_DOTENV_VARS 
"APP_ENV,APP_SECRET,DATABASE_URL,MARIADB_PASSWORD,CORS_ALLOW_ORIGIN,MAILER_DSN,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SECRET_KEY,GOOGLE_RECAPTCHA_SITE_KEY"
UNIQUE_ID 
"Z7nSl5DyWLT8YV1VjBpW9QAAAIY"

Sub Requests 6

CookieController :: renderAnalysis (token = b70619)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderAnalysis"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"26d4df"

AppController :: renderHeader (token = d21f69)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderHeader"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"0eafef"
slug 
"home"

ArticleController :: trendingArticle (token = 1476de)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::trendingArticle"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"89eae5"
category 
"Global Economy"

ArticleController :: relatedArticles (token = e30f0b)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\ArticleController::relatedArticles"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"b31397"
current_article 
App\Entity\Article {#1094
  -id: 5614
  -title: "Left-Number Bias: What Firms Haven't Quite Figured Out"
  -slug: "left-number-bias-what-firms-haven-t-quite-figured-out"
  -introtext: "<p><span style="color: #000000;">"Left- number bias" refers to when people focus on the left-hand number--and thus, why so many prices in stores take the form of $X and 99 cents, rather than rounding up that extra penny.&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n"
  -content: """
    \r\n
    <p><span style="color: #000000;">Avner Strulov-Shlain offers some additional evidence on this well-known phenomenon and then draws out some lesser-known implications in&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3413019">"More than a Penny's Worth: Left-Digit Bias and Firm Pricing"&nbsp;</a>(</span>December 2019,&nbsp;Chicago Booth Research Paper No. 19-22). The&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://review.chicagobooth.edu/marketing/2019/article/many-retailers-are-making-basic-mispricing-mistake">Chicago Booth Review</a><a style="color: #808080;" href="https://review.chicagobooth.edu/marketing/2019/article/many-retailers-are-making-basic-mispricing-mistake">&nbsp;offers a short readable overview here</a></span>.</span><br /><br /><span style="color: #000000;">Strulov-Shlain estimated demand curves for products. However, in the model he uses, raising price by a certain amount (say, by a penny or a dime) are allowed to have a bigger effect when it changes the left-hand dollar value than when it doesn't change the left-hand dollar value. He writes:&nbsp;</span></p>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;">"To estimate demand, I use a sample of 1710 popular products in 248 stores of a&nbsp;single US retailer over 3.5 years, and another sample of 12 products in AC Nielsen RMS data across more than 60 chains and 11,000 stores, over 9 years. ... I find that consumers are biased, to the extent of treating a 1 cent increase from a&nbsp;99-ending price as if it were a 15-25 cent increase. Next, I estimate retailer pricing behavior. .. Firms seem to underestimate the magnitude of the bias significantly. From the firm’s perspective, I estimate that they act as if a 99-ending price is treated by consumers as being only 1.5-3 cents lower than the round price. ... I find that firms do better than pricing as if there is no bias at all, but not half as good as possible. I estimate that they lose 1%-3% of gross profits, or $60 million annual revenue on regular price sales."</span></div>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;"></span></div>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;">The underlying logic here is how firms should read to a strong left-number bias. For example, no prices should be set at an even dollar amount, because if a firm was to cut that price by a single penny, so that it instead ended with 99 cents, consumers would react as if the price had been cut by 15-25 cents, and the resulting increase in sales will more than make up for the small price cut.&nbsp; Indeed, pushing this logic a little further, firms should not set prices at some amount not far above the even-dollar amount, either. For example, consider a price of $3.29. If that price is cut to $2.99, then consumers will react to the actual price cut of 30 cents, plus an additional 15-25 cents for changing the left-hand digit. Again, the increase in quantity sold as a result of this price cut should (for most products) lead to an increase in profits.&nbsp;</span></div>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;"></span></div>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;">So why don't we see even more prices ending in 99 cents than we already do? Maybe the model used by Strulov-Strain misses some important factor; for example, perhaps if even more prices were set to end in 99 cents, then some of the left-number bias might wear off. Or perhaps it just seems to retailers too aggressive and risky to, say, cut prices from $3.29 to $2.99.&nbsp;</span></div>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;"></span></div>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;">In another paper, Strulov-Strain looks at the effects of a law in Israel that required all prices to be set "to the dime"--that is, you could end a price with 90 cents, but not 99 cents. If the US eliminated pennies and nickels as currency, this would in effect be the result for retailers. He writes:&nbsp; "Before the reform about 40%-50% of prices ended with 99, suggesting substantial levels of perceived and actual [left-hand number] bias." When the law passed, a lot of firms reacted at first by pushing the prices that ended with 99 up to 00. But this didn't last, and within 6-12 months Israeli firms were ending their prices with 90, presumably again because of left-hand number bias.&nbsp;</span></div>\r\n
    <div>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;"></span></div>\r\n
    </div>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;">For another study on left-number bias, see this discussion of&nbsp;<a style="color: #000000;" href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2011/10/left-number-bias-in-used-car-prices.html">"<span style="color: #808080;">Left Number Bias in Used Car Prices" (October 4, 2011</span>)</a>, which looks at how prices for used cars drop more sharply depending on the left-hand numbers on the mileage on the car.&nbsp; Or here's a discussion of the related phenomenon of "round number" bias, in&nbsp;<span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2013/10/one-million-page-views-and-round-number.html">"One Million Page Views and Round Number Bias"</a></span>&nbsp;(October 18, 2013).&nbsp;</span></div>\r\n
    <div>&nbsp;</div>\r\n
    <div><span style="color: #000000;">A version of this article first appeared on <span style="color: #808080;"><a style="color: #808080;" href="http://conversableeconomist.blogspot.com/2020/02/left-number-bias-what-firms-havent.html" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Conversable Economist</a></span>.&nbsp;</span></div>
    """
  -user: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\User {#1092 …}
  -createdAt: DateTime @1582842108 {#1145
    date: 2020-02-27 22:21:48.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -updatedAt: DateTime @1582842264 {#1150
    date: 2020-02-27 22:24:24.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -deletedAt: null
  -category: App\Entity\Category {#445 …}
  -status: "published"
  -imageCard: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -ImageHeader: Proxies\__CG__\App\Entity\File {#1184 …}
  -featured: false
  -mainView: false
  -clicks: 2016
  -comments: Doctrine\ORM\PersistentCollection {#1125 …}
  -reviewed_at: DateTime @1582842108 {#1148
    date: 2020-02-27 22:21:48.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -metakey: ""
  -metadesc: ""Left- number bias" refers to when people focus on the left-hand number--and thus, why so many prices in stores take the form of $X and 99 cents, rather than rounding up that extra penny.\u{A0}"
  -robots: null
  -publishedAt: DateTime @1582842108 {#1147
    date: 2020-02-27 22:21:48.0 UTC (+00:00)
  }
  -canonical: null
  -superTag: null
}

AppController :: renderFooter (token = aa2bcf)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\AppController::renderFooter"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"764c06"

CookieController :: renderCookie (token = 6372a8)

Key Value
_controller 
"App\Controller\CookieController::renderCookie"
_format 
"html"
_locale 
"en"
_stopwatch_token 
"0c2f1a"